Abstract
Date palm (Pheonix dactylifera L.) has long been known for its medical benefits. In this review, the therapeutic properties of P. dactylifera are presented in light of the analysis of huge past reviews that reported the bioactivities of both flesh and seed of this fruit. The reported bioactivities of P. dactylifera included antioxidants, anti-cancer, aphrodisiac, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic properties. This review additionally highlights the extraction technologies (Soxhlet, maceration, heat under reflux, Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) and microwave assisted extraction) that were utilized as part of the extraction of P. dactylifera. This is because the quality and amount of the extraction yield depend on the extraction technology used. Accordingly, this review aims for underlining the potentials of P. dactylifera by compiling available data on the bioactivities and extraction technologies used to set the directions for the improvement of future research of this fruit.
Keywords: Pheonix dactylifera L., bioactivity, antioxidants, anti-cancer, aphrodisiac, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, extraction technologies, supercritical fluid extraction.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Juhaimi, F.A.; Ghafoor, K.; Özcan, M.M. Physicochemical properties and mineral contents of seven different date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties growing from Saudi Arabia. Environ. Monit. Assess., 2014, 186(4), 2165-2170.
[2]
Rahmani, A.H.; Aly, S.M.; Ali, H.; Babiker, A.Y.; Srikar, S. Therapeutic effects of date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera) in the prevention of diseases via modulation of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-tumour activity. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med., 2014, 7(3), 483-491.
[3]
Mohammed, S.; Shabana, H.R.; Mawlod, K.A. Evaluation and identification of Iraqi date cultivars: Fruit characteristics of fifty cultivars. Date Palm J., 1983, 21(1), 27-55.
[4]
Ahmed, I.A.; Robinson, R.K. The ability of date extracts to support the production of aflatoxins. Food Chem., 1999, 66(3), 307-312.
[5]
Baliga, M.S.; Baliga, B.R.V.; Kandathil, S.M.; Bhat, H.P.; Vayalil, P.K. A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Food Res. Int., 2011, 44(7), 1812-1822.
[6]
Chao, C.T.; Krueger, R.R. The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Overview of biology, uses, and cultivation. HortScience, 2007, 42(5), 1077-1082.
[7]
Parle, M.; Khanna, D. Phytopharmacology of Khajur (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Ann. Pharm. Pharmaceutic. Sci., 2010, 1(2), 109-115.
[8]
Ahmed, A.I.; Ahmed, A.W.K.; Robinson, R.K. Chemical composition of date varieties as influenced by the stage of ripening. Food Chem., 1995, 54(3), 305-309.
[9]
Benmeddour, Z.; Mehinagic, E.; Le Meurlay, D.; Louaileche, H. Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacities of ten Algerian date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars: A comparative study. J. Funct. Foods, 2013, 5(1), 346-354.
[10]
Al-Harthi, S.S.; Mavazhe, A.; Al-Mahroqi, H.; Khan, S.A. Quantification of phenolic compounds, evaluation of physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of four date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties of Oman. J. Taibah Univ. Sci., 2015, 10(3), 346-352.
[11]
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistic Division, FAOSTAT (2015). Available from:. http://faostat3.fao. org/compare/E (Accessed October 1, 2016).
[12]
Easmin, M.S.; Zaidul, I.S.M.; Ferdosh, S.; Siti Hadijah, S.; Kamaruzzaman, B.Y.; Uddin, M.S.; Rahman, M.M.; Akanda, M.J.H.; Hossaine, M.S.; Abdul Khalile, H.P.S. Bioactive compounds and advanced processing technology: Phaleria macrocarpa (sheff.) Boerl, a review. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 2015, 90(6), 981-991.
[13]
Ghasemi, E.; Raofie, F.; Najafi, N.M. Application of response surface methodology and central composite design for the optimisation of supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils from Myrtus communis L. leaves. Food Chem., 2011, 126(3), 1449-1453.
[14]
Wang, L.; Weller, C.L. Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 2006, 17(6), 300-312.
[15]
Sasidharan, S.; Chen, Y.; Saravanan, D.; Sundram, K.M.; Latha, L.Y. Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants’ extracts. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med., 2011, 8(1), 1-10.
[16]
Al-Farsi, M.; Alasalvar, C.; Morris, A.; Baron, M.; Shahidi, F. Comparison of antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and phenolics of three native fresh and sun-dried date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties grown in Oman. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53(19), 7592-7599.
[17]
Al-Farsi, M.; Alasalvar, C.; Al-Abid, M.; Al-Shoaily, K.; Al-Amry, M.; Al-Rawahy, F. Compositional and functional characteristics of dates, syrups, and their by-products. Food Chem., 2007, 104(3), 943-947.
[18]
Al-Farsi, M.A.; Lee, C.Y. Nutritional and functional properties of dates: A review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2008, 48(10), 877-887.
[19]
Elleuch, M.; Besbes, S.; Roiseux, O.; Blecker, C.; Deroanne, C.; Drira, N.E.; Attia, H. Date flesh: Chemical composition and characteristics of the dietary fibre. Food Chem., 2008, 111(3), 676-682.
[20]
Assirey, E.A.R. Nutritional composition of fruit of 10 date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars grown in Saudi Arabia. J. Taibah Univ. Sci., 2015, 9(1), 75-79.
[21]
Herchi, W.; Kallel, H.; Boukhchina, S. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of Tunisian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) oil as affected by different extraction methods. Food Sci. Technol. (Campinas), 2014, 34(3), 464-470.
[22]
Al-Mamary, M.; Al-Habori, M.; Al-Zubairi, A.S. The in vitro antioxidant activity of different types of palm dates (Phoenix dactylifera) syrups. Arab. J. Chem., 2014, 7(6), 964-971.
[23]
Halliwell, B. Antioxidant defence mechanisms: From the beginning to the end (of the beginning). Free Radic. Res., 1999, 31(4), 261-272.
[24]
Halliwell, B.; Gutteridge, J.M. Free radicals in biology and medicine; Oxford University Press: USA, 2015.
[25]
Javanmardi, J.; Kubota, C. Variation of lycopene, antioxidant activity, total soluble solids and weight loss of tomato during postharvest storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 2006, 41(2), 151-155.
[26]
Biglari, F.; Al-Karkhi, A.F.M.; Easa, A.M. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of various date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruits from Iran. Food Chem., 2008, 107(4), 1636-1641.
[27]
Vayalil, P.K. Antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of aqueous extract of date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae). J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50(3), 610-617.
[28]
Saafi, E.B.; Louedi, M.; Elfeki, A.; Zakhama, A.; Najjar, M.F.; Hammami, M.; Achour, L. Protective effect of date palm fruit extracts (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on dimethoate induced-oxidative stress in rat liver. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol., 2011, 63(5), 433-441.
[29]
Sharma, Y.; Bashir, S.; Irshad, M.; Gupta, S.D.; Dogra, T.D. Effects of acute dimethoate administration on antioxidant status of liver and brain of experimental rats. Toxicology, 2005, 206(1), 49-57.
[30]
Mansouri, A.; Embarek, G.; Kokkalou, E.; Kefalas, P. Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of the Algerian ripe date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera). Food Chem., 2005, 89(3), 411-420.
[31]
Hong, Y.J.; Tomas-Barberan, F.A.; Kader, A.A.; Mitchell, A.E. The flavonoid glycosides and procyanidin composition of Deglet Noor dates (Phoenix dactylifera). J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54(6), 2405-2411.
[32]
Allaith, A.A.A. Antioxidant activity of Bahraini date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit of various cultivars. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 2008, 43(6), 1033-1040.
[33]
Chaira, N.; Smaali, M.I.; Martinez-Tome, M.; Mrabet, A.; Murcia, M.A.; Ferchichi, A. Simple phenolic composition, flavonoid contents
and antioxidant capacities in water-methanol extracts of Tunisian
common date cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Int. J. Food
Sci. Nut.,, 2009, 60(sup7), 316-329.
[34]
Pujari, R.R.; Vyawahare, N.S.; Thakurdesai, P.A. Neuroprotective and antioxidant role of Phoenix dactylifera in permanent bilateral common carotid occlusion in rats. J. Acute Dis., 2014, 3(2), 104-114.
[35]
Hussein, A.M.; El-Mousalamy, A.M.; Hussein, S.A.; Mahmoud, S.A. Effects of palm dates (Pheonix dactylifera L) extracts on hepatic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic rat model. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2015, 4(7), 62-79.
[36]
Diab, K.A.S.; Aboul-Ela, E.I. In vivo comparative studies on antigenotoxicity of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pits extract against DNA damage induced by N-Nitroso-N-methylurea in mice. Toxicol. Int., 2012, 19(3), 279.
[37]
Ishurd, O.; Kennedy, J.F. The anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide prepared from Libyan dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Carbohydr. Polym., 2005, 59(4), 531-535.
[38]
Fullerton, S.A.; Samadi, A.A.; Tortorelis, D.G.; Choudhury, M.S.; Mallouh, C.; Tazaki, H.; Konno, S. Induction of apoptosis in human prostatic cancer cells with beta-glucan (Maitake mushroom polysaccharide). Mol. Urol., 1999, 4(1), 7-13.
[39]
Chan, G.C.F.; Chan, W.K.; Sze, D.M.Y. The effects of β-glucan on human immune and cancer cells. J. Hem. Oncol., 2009, 2(1), 25.
[40]
Ishurd, O.; Zgheel, F.; Kermagi, A.; Flefla, M.; Elmabruk, M. Antitumor activity of β-d-glucan from Libyan dates. J. Med. Food, 2004, 7(2), 252-255.
[41]
Bahmanpour, S.; Talaei, T.; Vojdani, Z.; Panjehshahin, M.R.; Poostpasand, A.; Zareei, S.; Ghaeminia, M. Effect of Phoenix dactylifera pollen on sperm parameters and reproductive system of adult male rats. Iran. J. Med. Sci., 2006, 31(4)
[42]
Abedi, A.; Parviz, M.; Karimian, S.M.; Rodsari, H.R.S. Aphrodisiac activity of aqueous extract of Phoenix dactylifera pollen in male rats. Adv. Sexual Med., 2013, 3(1), 28.
[43]
Ali, B.H.; Bashir, A.K.; Alhadrami, G. Reproductive hormonal status of rats treated with date pits. Food Chem., 1999, 66(4), 437-441.
[44]
Shraideh, Z.A.; Abu-Elteen, K.H.; Sallal, A.K.J. Ultrastructural effects of date extract on Candida albicans. Mycopathologia, 1998, 142(3), 119-123.
[45]
Abuharfeil, N.M.; Sukhon, S.E.; Msameh, Y.; Sallal, A.K.J. Effect of date fruits, Phoenix dactyliferia L., on the hemolytic activity of Streptolysin O. Pharm. Biol., 1999, 37(5), 335-339.
[46]
Ammar, N.M.; Lamia, T.; Abou, E.; Nabil, H.S.; Lalita, M.C.; Tom, J.M. Flavonoid constituents and antimicrobial activity of date
(Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds growing in Egypt. Proceedings of 4th
conference on research and development of pharmaceutical industries
(Current Challenges). Med. Arom. Plant Sci. Biotechnol.,, 2009, p. 3, 1-5.
[47]
Aamir, J.; Kumari, A.; Khan, M.N.; Medam, S.K. Evaluation of the combinational antimicrobial effect of Annona Squamosa and Phoenix dactylifera seeds methanolic extract on standard microbial strains. Int. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 2013, 2(5), 68-73.
[48]
Sabah, A.A.J.; Naji, M.A. In vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of an extract of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pits on a pseudomonas phage. J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med., 2010, 7(1), 57-62.
[49]
Awad, M.A.; Al-Qurashi, A.D.; Mohamed, S.A. Antioxidant capacity, antioxidant compounds and antioxidant enzyme activities in five date cultivars during development and ripening. Sci. Hortic., 2011, 129(4), 688-693.
[50]
Saleh, E.A.; Tawfik, M.S.; Abu-Tarboush, H.M. Phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of various date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits from Saudi Arabia. Food Nutr., 2011, 2, 1134-1141.
[51]
Singh, V.; Guizani, N.; Essa, M.M.; Hakkim, F.L.; Rahman, M.S. Comparative analysis of total phenolics, flavonoid content and antioxidant profile of different date varieties (Phoenix dactylifera L.) from Sultanate of Oman. Int. Food Res. J., 2012, 19(3), 1063-1070.
[52]
Zhang, C.R.; Aldosari, S.A.; Vidyasagar, P.S.; Nair, K.M.; Nair, M.G. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays confirm bioactive compounds in Ajwa date fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2013, 61(24), 5834-5840.
[53]
Bokhari, N.A.; Perveen, K. In vitro inhibition potential of Phoenix dactylifera L. extracts on the growth of pathogenic fungi. J. Med. Plants Res., 2012, 6(6), 1083-1088.
[54]
El Sohaimy, S.A.; Abdelwahab, A.E.; Brennan, C.S.; Aboul-enein, A.M. Phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Egyptian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 2015, 9(1), 141-147.
[55]
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 2010, 33(Suppl. 1), S62-S69.
[56]
World Health Organization (WHO). Fact sheets of Diabetes. Available from:, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/ en/ (Accessed October 27, 2016)
[57]
Zangiabadi, N.; Asadi-Shekaari, M.; Sheibani, V.; Jafari, M.; Shabani, M.; Asadi, A.R.; Jarahi, M. Date fruit extract is a neuroprotective agent in diabetic peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: A multimodal analysis. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2011, 976948-976948.
[58]
Michael, H.N.; Salib, J.Y.; Eskander, E.F. Bioactivity of diosmetin glycosides isolated from the epicarp of date fruits, (Phoenix dactylifera), on the biochemical profile of alloxan diabetic male rats. Phytother. Res., 2013, 27(5), 699-704.
[59]
Nandhagopal, K.; Kanniyakumari, M.; Anbu, J.; Velpandian, V. Antidiabetic activity of karchure chooranam on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci., 2013, 4(1), 434-439.
[60]
Abolfathi, A.A.; Mohajeri, D.; Rezaie, A.; Nazeri, M. Protective effects of green tea extract against hepatic tissue injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med., 2012, 2012(740671), 10.
[61]
Ramesh, B.; Viswanathan, P.; Pugalendi, K.V. Protective effect of Umbelliferone on membranous fatty acid composition in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2007, 566(1), 231-239.
[62]
Azwanida, N.N. A review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation. Med. Aromat. Plants, 2015, 4(196), 2167-0412.
[63]
Soxhlet, F. Die gewichtsanalytische Bestimmung des Milchfettes. Dinglers Polytech. J., 1879, 232, 261.
[64]
Azmir, J.; Zaidul, I.S.M.; Rahman, M.M.; Sharif, K.M.; Mohamed, A.; Sahena, F.; Omar, A.K.M. Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review. J. Food Eng., 2013, 117(4), 426-436.
[65]
Iverson, S.J.; Lang, S.L.; Cooper, M.H. Comparison of the Bligh and Dyer and Folch methods for total lipid determination in a broad range of marine tissue. Lipids, 2001, 36(11), 1283-1287.
[66]
Karasawa, K.; Uzuhashi, Y.; Hirota, M.; Otani, H. A matured fruit extract of date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) stimulates the cellular immune system in mice. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2011, 59(20), 11287-11293.
[67]
Rostagno, M.A.; Prado, J.M. Natural Product Extraction: Principles
and Applications; (No. 21). 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry.
[68]
Song, J.Z.; Mo, S.F.; Yip, Y.K.; Qiao, C.F.; Han, Q.B.; Xu, H.X. Development of microwave assisted extraction for the simultaneous determination of isoflavonoids and saponins in Radix astragali by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Sep. Sci., 2007, 30(6), 819-824.
[69]
Stalikas, C.D. Extraction, separation, and detection methods for phenolic acids and flavonoids. J. Sep. Sci., 2007, 30(18), 3268-3295.
[70]
Aris, N.; Norhuda, I.; Adeib, I. Extraction of Phoenix dactylifera (Mariami) seeds oil using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). Int. J., 2013, 4(1)
[71]
Aris, N.A.; Norhuda, I.; Adeib, I.S. Comparison on oil yield of Phoenix dactylifera seed oil extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide and solvent extraction method at 50°C. Adv. Mat. Res., 2015, 1113.
[72]
Lang, Q.; Wai, C.M. Supercritical fluid extraction in herbal and natural product studies-a practical review. Talanta, 2001, 53, 771-782.
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
30 April, 2024
Ayurvedic medicinal therapeutic approaches for inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders
Usually, in our elderly population, neurodegenerative disorders occur due to neuron death. Alzheimer?s disease (AD) is an irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative disease. Dementia is the leading cause of AD, which affects about 30 million people worldwide. According to the World Alzheimer report 2018, a new case of dementia develops every ...read more
12 August, 2024
Recent Advances in Biotransformation of Bioactive Terpenoids using Aspergillus niger
Biotransformation is the reaction catalyzed by biological catalysts of either isolated enzymes or whole cell cultures of microorganisms. This process has been extensively applied in the conversion of bioactive terpenoids with high regio- and stereospecifity. This process has been also applied in the lead discovery and development. Aspergillus niger has ...read more
Related Journals
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
Current Analytical Chemistry
Current Computer-Aided Drug Design
Current Bioactive Compounds
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening
Current Organic Chemistry
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Current Organic Synthesis
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry
Related Books
Botanicals and Natural Bioactives: Prevention and Treatment of Diseases
Biosurfactants: A Boon to Healthcare, Agriculture & Environmental Sustainability
Frontiers in Computational Chemistry
Advances in Dye Degradation
Biological and Medical Significance of Chemical Elements
Frontiers In Medicinal Chemistry
Advances in Organic Synthesis
Frontiers in Natural Product Chemistry
Recent Advances in Analytical Techniques
Advanced Catalysts Based on Metal-organic Frameworks (Part 2)
Article Metrics
53
1