Generic placeholder image

Current Diabetes Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-3998
ISSN (Online): 1875-6417

Review Article

Mechanisms Involved in Glycemic Control Promoted by Exercise in Diabetics

Author(s): Eric Francelino Andrade*, Víviam de Oliveira Silva, Débora Ribeiro Orlando and Luciano José Pereira

Volume 15, Issue 2, 2019

Page: [105 - 110] Pages: 6

DOI: 10.2174/1573399814666180214144717

Price: $65

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by high glycemic levels for long periods. This disease has a high prevalence in the world population, being currently observed an increase in its incidence. This fact is mainly due to the sedentary lifestyle and hypercaloric diets. Non-pharmacological interventions for glycemic control include exercise, which promotes changes in skeletal muscle and adipocytes. Thus, increased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and decreased insulin resistance through modulating adipocytes are the main factors that improve glycemic control against diabetes.

Conclusion: It was sought to elucidate mechanisms involved in the improvement of glycemic control in diabetics in front of the exercise.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, metabolic control, physical activity, glycemia, insulin, molecular mechanisms.

[1]
Aronoff SL, Berkowitz K, Shreiner B, Want L. Glucose metabolism and regulation: Beyond insulin and glucagon. Diabetes Spectr 2004; 17(3): 183-90.
[2]
Barros RPA, Gabbi C, Morani A, Warner M, Gustafsson J-A. Participation of ER and ER in glucose homeostasis in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue. AJP Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297(1): E124-33.
[3]
Seino Y, Nanjo K, Tajima N, et al. Report of the committee on the classification and diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2010; 1(5): 212-28.
[4]
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2015 abridged for primary care providers. Clin Diabetes 2015; 33(2): 97-111.
[5]
Teixeira-Lemos E, Nunes S, Teixeira F, Reis F. Regular physical exercise training assists in preventing type 2 diabetes development: Focus on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10(1): 12.
[6]
Blonde L. Current antihyperglycemic treatment guidelines and algorithms for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 2010; 123(3)(Suppl.): S12-8.
[7]
Shepherd PR, Kahn BB. Glucose transporters and insulin action--implications for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1999; 341(4): 248-57.
[8]
Thompson D, Karpe F, Lafontan M, Frayn K. Physical activity and exercise in the regulation of human adipose tissue physiology. Physiol Rev 2012; 92(1): 157-91.
[9]
Liese AD, Ma X, Maahs DM, Trilk JL. Physical activity, sedentary behaviors, physical fitness, and their relation to health outcomes in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A review of the epidemiologic literature. J Sport Health Sci 2013; 2(1): 21-38.
[10]
Forbes JM, Cooper ME. Mechanisms of diabetic complications. Physiol Rev 2013; 93(1): 137-88.
[11]
Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS, Michels AW. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet 2014; 383(9911): 69-82.
[12]
Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998; 15(7): 539-53.
[13]
Casanova L, Hughes FJ, Preshaw PM. Diabetes and periodontal disease: a two-way relationship. Br Dent J 2014; 217(8): 433-7.
[14]
Fazeli Farsani S, van der Aa MP, van der Vorst MMJ, Knibbe CAJ, de Boer A. Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: A systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches. Diabetologia 2013; 56(7): 1471-88.
[15]
Kahn SE, Cooper ME, Del Prato S. Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: Perspectives on the past, present, and future. Lancet (London, England) 2014; 383(9922): 1068-83.
[16]
Chen L, Magliano DJ, Zimmet PZ. The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus--present and future perspectives. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012; 8(4): 228-36.
[17]
Jia G, Aroor AR, DeMarco VG, Martinez-Lemus LA, Meininger GA, Sowers JR. Vascular stiffness in insulin resistance and obesity. Front Physiol 2015; 6(231): 1-8.
[18]
Chawla A, Chawla R, Jaggi S. Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: Distinct or continuum? Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016; 20(4): 546-51.
[19]
Buysman EK, Liu F, Hammer M, Langer J. Impact of medication adherence and persistence on clinical and economic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with liraglutide: a retrospective cohort study. Adv Ther 2015; 32(4): 341-55.
[20]
Seuring T, Archangelidi O, Suhrcke M. The economic costs of type 2 diabetes: A global systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics 2015; 33(8): 811-31.
[21]
Turi BC, Monteiro HL, Fernandes RA, Codogno JS. The impact of physical activity on mitigation of health care costs related to diabetes mellitus: Findings from developed and developing settings Diabetes mellitus and physical exercise. Curr Diabetes Rev 2016; 12(4): 307-11.
[22]
Chen Y, Liu L, Gu L, Babineaux S, Colclough H, Curtis B. Glycemic control in chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving oral antihyperglycemic medication-only or insulin-only treatment: A cross-sectional survey. Diabetes Ther 2015; 6(2): 197-211.
[23]
Divino V, DeKoven M, Hallinan S, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment patterns among type 2 diabetes patients in six european countries. Diabetes Ther 2014; 5(2): 499-520.
[24]
Stevens JW, Khunti K, Harvey R, et al. Preventing the progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults at high risk: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of lifestyle, pharmacological and surgical interventions. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 107(3): 320-31.
[25]
Yardley JE, Sigal RJ. Exercise strategies for hypoglycemia prevention in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Spectr 2015; 28(1): 32-8.
[26]
Zaharieva DP, Riddell MC. Prevention of exercise-associated dysglycemia: A case study-based approach. Diabetes Spectr 2015; 28(1): 55-62.
[27]
Shahar J, Hamdy O. Medication and exercise interactions: considering and managing hypoglycemia risk. Diabetes Spectr 2015; 28(1): 64-7.
[28]
Bally L, Laimer M, Stettler C. Exercise-associated glucose metabolism in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2015; 18(4): 428-33.
[29]
Cuenca-García M, Jago R, Shield JPH, Burren CP. How does physical activity and fitness influence glycaemic control in young people with Type 1 diabetes? Diabet Med 2012; 29(10): e369-76.
[30]
Bohn B, Herbst A, Pfeifer M, et al. Impact of physical activity on glycemic control and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in adults with type 1 diabetes: A cross-sectional multicenter study of 18,028 patients. Diabetes Care 2015; 38(8): 1536-43.
[31]
Schweiger B, Klingensmith G, Snell-Bergeon JK. Physical activity in adolescent females with type 1 diabetes. Int J Pediatr 2010; 2010: 328318.
[32]
Prior SJ, Goldberg AP, Ortmeyer HK, et al. Increased skeletal muscle capillarization independently enhances insulin sensitivity in older adults after exercise training and detraining. Diabetes 2015; 64(10): 3386-95.
[33]
Stanford KI, Middelbeek RJW, Goodyear LJ. Exercise effects on white adipose tissue: Beiging and metabolic adaptations. Diabetes 2015; 64(7): 2361-8.
[34]
Cornell S. Continual evolution of type 2 diabetes: An update on pathophysiology and emerging treatment options. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11: 621-32.
[35]
Böhm A, Weigert C, Staiger H, Häring H-U. Exercise and diabetes: relevance and causes for response variability. Endocrine 2016; 51(3): 390-401.
[36]
Franz MJ, Zhang Z, Venn BJ. Lifestyle Interventions to Stem the Tide of Type 2 Diabetes. In: Nutrition Guide for Physicians and Related Healthcare Professionals. Cham: Springer International Publishing 2017; pp. 103-12.
[37]
Boulé NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001; 286(10): 1218.
[38]
Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, et al. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: Joint position statement. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(12): e147-67.
[39]
Martin W, Palazzo C, Poiraudeau S. Development and preliminary psychometrics of the exercise therapy burden questionnaire for patients with chronic conditions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2017; 98(11): 2188-2195.e6.
[40]
Schneider KL, Panza E, Handschin B, et al. Feasibility of pairing behavioral activation with exercise for women with type 2 diabetes and depression: The get it study pilot randomized controlled trial. Behav Ther 2016; 47(2): 198-212.
[41]
Gallé F, Di Onofrio V, Cirella A, et al. Improving self-management of type 2 diabetes in overweight and inactive patients through an educational and motivational intervention addressing diet and physical activity: A prospective study in Naples, South Italy. Diabetes Ther 2017; 8(4): 875-86.
[42]
Hordern MD, Dunstan DW, Prins JB, Baker MK, Singh MAF, Coombes JS. Exercise prescription for patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: A position statement from exercise and sport science australia. J Sci Med Sport 2012; 15(1): 25-31.
[43]
Qiu S-H, Sun Z-L, Cai X, Liu L, Yang B. Improving patients’ adherence to physical activity in diabetes mellitus: A review. Diabetes Metab J 2012; 36(1): 1-5.
[44]
Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(10): 2518-39.
[45]
Lehnen AM, Leguisamo NM, Pinto GH, et al. The beneficial effects of exercise in rodents are preserved after detraining: a phenomenon unrelated to GLUT4 expression. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2010; 9(67): 1-8.
[46]
Zorzano A, Palacín M, Gumà A. Mechanisms regulating GLUT4 glucose transporter expression and glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 2005; 183(1): 43-58.
[47]
Viñals F, Ferré J, Fandos C, et al. Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate regulates GLUT4 and GLUT1 glucose transporter expression and stimulates transcriptional activity of the GLUT1 promoter in muscle cells. Endocrinology 1997; 138(6): 2521-9.
[48]
Wright DC, Hucker KA, Holloszy JO, Han DH. Ca2+ and AMPK both mediate stimulation of glucose transport by muscle contractions. Diabetes 2004; 53(2): 330-5.
[49]
Jensen TE, Sylow L, Rose AJ, et al. Contraction-stimulated glucose transport in muscle is controlled by AMPK and mechanical stress but not sarcoplasmatic reticulum Ca(2+) release. Mol Metab 2014; 3(7): 742-53.
[50]
O’Neill HM. AMPK and exercise: glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Metab J 2013; 37(1): 1-21.
[51]
McGee SL, Hargreaves M. Exercise and skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4 expression: Molecular mechanisms. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 33(4): 395-9.
[52]
Gomes RJ, Leme JAC de A, de Moura LP, et al. Growth factors and glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats: effects of exercise training. Cell Biochem Funct 2009; 27(4): 199-204.
[53]
Kim T, Chang JS, Kim H, Lee KH, Kong ID. Intense walking exercise affects serum IGF-1 and IGFBP3. J Lifestyle Med 2015; 5(1): 21-5.
[54]
Hocking S, Samocha-Bonet D, Milner K-L, Greenfield JR, Chisholm DJ. Adiposity and insulin resistance in humans: The role of the different tissue and cellular lipid depots. Endocr Rev 2013; 34(4): 463-500.
[55]
Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2006; 444(7121): 840-6.
[56]
Bays H, Mandarino L, DeFronzo RA. Role of the adipocyte, free fatty acids, and ectopic fat in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonists provide a rational therapeutic approach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(2): 463-78.
[57]
Guilherme A, Virbasius JV, Puri V, Czech MP. Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008; 9(5): 367-77.
[58]
Kashyap SR, Bhatt DL, Wolski K, et al. Metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in patients with moderate obesity and type 2 diabetes: analysis of a randomized control trial comparing surgery with intensive medical treatment. Diabetes Care 2013; 36(8): 2175-82.
[59]
Cuff DJ, Meneilly GS, Martin A, Ignaszewski A, Tildesley HD, Frohlich JJ. Effective exercise modality to reduce insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(11): 2977-82.
[60]
Kriketos AD, Gan SK, Poynten AM, Furler SM, Chisholm DJ, Campbell LV. Exercise increases adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(2): 629-30.
[61]
Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, et al. The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. Nat Med 2001; 7(8): 941-6.
[62]
Bruun JM, Helge JW, Richelsen B, Stallknecht B. Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290(5): E961-7.
[63]
Hussey SE, McGee SL, Garnham A, Wentworth JM, Jeukendrup AE, Hargreaves M. Exercise training increases adipose tissue GLUT4 expression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13(10): 959-62.
[64]
Sanchez-Delgado G, Martinez-Tellez B, Olza J, Aguilera CM, Gil Á, Ruiz JR. Role of exercise in the activation of brown adipose tissue. Ann Nutr Metab 2015; 67(1): 21-32.
[65]
Castillo-Quan JI. From white to brown fat through the PGC-1α-dependent myokine irisin: Implications for diabetes and obesity. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5(3): 293-5.
[66]
Röhling M, Herder C, Stemper T, Müssig K. Influence of acute and chronic exercise on glucose uptake. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016: 2868652.
[67]
Younk LM, Mikeladze M, Tate D, Davis SN. Exercise-related hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6(1): 93-108.
[68]
American Diabetes Association. 4. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care 2018; 41(Suppl. 1): S38-50.
[69]
Dahjio Y, Noubiap JJN, Azabji-Kenfack M, et al. Impact of a 12-week aerobic exercise training program on anthropometric and metabolic parameters of a group of type 2 diabetes Cameroonian women aged ≥50 years. Ann Transl Med 2016; 4(19): 364-4.
[70]
Lukács A, Barkai L. Effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on glycemic control in type 1 diabetic youths. World J Diabetes 2015; 6(3): 534-42.
[71]
Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the american diabetes association. Diabetes Care 2016; 39(11): 2065-79.
[72]
AminiLari Z, Fararouei M, Amanat S, et al.. The effect of 12 weeks aerobic, resistance, and combined exercises on omentin-1 levels and insulin resistance among type 2 diabetic middle-aged women. Diabetes Metab J 2017; 41(3): 205-12.
[73]
Jang HC. Sarcopenia, frailty, and Diabetes in Older Adults. Diabetes Metab J 2016; 40(3): 182-9.
[74]
Marzetti E, Calvani R, Tosato M, et al. Physical activity and exercise as countermeasures to physical frailty and sarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res 2017; 29(1): 35-42.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy