Abstract
Background: Many lines of scientific research suggest that Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) may be associated with alterations in the enteric ecosystem, including alterations of the enteric macrobiome (i.e. helminthes and fauna) and changes in predominant microbiome species, particularly a reduction in microbiome species diversity.
Methods: We performed a comprehensive review of the literature and summarized the major findings.
Results: Alterations in the enteric ecosystem are believed to be due to a variety of factors including changes in the post-industrial society related to decreased exposure to symbiotic organisms, increased human migration, overuse of antibiotics and changes in dietary habits. Changes in the enteric ecosystem are believed to alter metabolic and immune system function and epigenetic regulation. If these changes occur during critical developmental windows, the trajectory of brain development, as well as brain function, can be altered. This paper reviews theoretical models that explain how these perturbations may in isolation or in combination be causative for ASDs as well as the preclinical and clinical studies that support these models. We discuss how these alterations may converge to trigger or exacerbate the formation of an ASD phenotype. We focus on possible preconception, prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors that may alter the enteric ecosystem leading to physiological disruptions, potentially through triggering events.
Conclusion: If these theoretical models prove to be valid, they may lead to the development of practical interventions which could decrease ASD prevalence and/or morbidity.
Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders, Microbiome, Macrobiome, Fauna, Helminths, Mitochondria, Cell Danger Theory, Biome Depletion, Propionic Acid, Oxidative Stress, Microbiota, Antibiotics, Treatment, Immune Function, Acetaminophen, Beta lactam, Omeprazole, Epigenetics.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?
Volume: 22 Issue: 40
Author(s): John Slattery, Derrick F. MacFabe, Stephen G. Kahler and Richard E. Frye
Affiliation:
Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders, Microbiome, Macrobiome, Fauna, Helminths, Mitochondria, Cell Danger Theory, Biome Depletion, Propionic Acid, Oxidative Stress, Microbiota, Antibiotics, Treatment, Immune Function, Acetaminophen, Beta lactam, Omeprazole, Epigenetics.
Abstract: Background: Many lines of scientific research suggest that Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) may be associated with alterations in the enteric ecosystem, including alterations of the enteric macrobiome (i.e. helminthes and fauna) and changes in predominant microbiome species, particularly a reduction in microbiome species diversity.
Methods: We performed a comprehensive review of the literature and summarized the major findings.
Results: Alterations in the enteric ecosystem are believed to be due to a variety of factors including changes in the post-industrial society related to decreased exposure to symbiotic organisms, increased human migration, overuse of antibiotics and changes in dietary habits. Changes in the enteric ecosystem are believed to alter metabolic and immune system function and epigenetic regulation. If these changes occur during critical developmental windows, the trajectory of brain development, as well as brain function, can be altered. This paper reviews theoretical models that explain how these perturbations may in isolation or in combination be causative for ASDs as well as the preclinical and clinical studies that support these models. We discuss how these alterations may converge to trigger or exacerbate the formation of an ASD phenotype. We focus on possible preconception, prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors that may alter the enteric ecosystem leading to physiological disruptions, potentially through triggering events.
Conclusion: If these theoretical models prove to be valid, they may lead to the development of practical interventions which could decrease ASD prevalence and/or morbidity.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Slattery John, MacFabe F. Derrick, Kahler G. Stephen and Frye E. Richard, Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (40) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160905123953
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160905123953 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
New Drugs for Immune Targeting
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) A Review on Designing Poly (Lactic-co-glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Repurposing of Anti-Diabetic Agents for the Treatment of Cognitive Impairment and Mood Disorders
Current Molecular Medicine Role of Vitamin D in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Current Diabetes Reviews Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): A Brief Review With Exploration of the Outcomes, Prognostic Factors and Sequelae
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Health Information Technology and Diabetes Management: A Review of Motivational and Inhibitory Factors
Current Diabetes Reviews The Role of T and B Cells in Atherosclerosis: Potential Clinical Implications
Current Pharmaceutical Design Common Variant in VEGFA and Response to Anti-VEGF Therapy for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Current Molecular Medicine Gene Regulation of Aldose-, Aldehyde- and a Renal Specific Oxido Reductase (RSOR) in the Pathobiology of Diabetes Mellitus
Current Medicinal Chemistry GST T1, M1, and IRS-1 G972R Genetic Variants Association to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Egyptian Women: Linkage to Maternal Hyperglycemia
Current Diabetes Reviews Is the Use of Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetics Evidence-Based? A Systematic Review
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Type 2 Diabetes
Current Medicinal Chemistry How to Advise Aspirin Use in Patients Who Need NSAIDs
Current Pharmaceutical Design Synthesis, Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Activities of New Diethylamine and Triethoxysilyl Derivatives of Tolbutamide on Rats
Medicinal Chemistry High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Correlation with Cystatin-C and Other Cardiovascular and Renal Risk Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated with Hypertension
Current Diabetes Reviews Targeting Nrf2 in Protection Against Renal Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry Actions of Adjunctive Nutritional Antioxidants in Periodontitis and Prevalent Systemic Inflammatory Diseases
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Novel Approaches to Target Pancreatic Cancer
Current Cancer Drug Targets Ethnopharmacological and Phytopharmaceutical Evaluation of Prosopis cineraria: An Overview and Future Prospects
Current Drug Metabolism Cerium and Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticles and Nano-selenium Produce Protective Effects Against H2O2-induced Oxidative Stress in Pancreatic Beta Cells by Modulating Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology