Abstract
The electrophilic C-H bond substitution of arenes (ArH) by the linear nitronium (ONO+) ion or nitrating agents (Y-NO2), giving nitroarenes (ArNO2), has been of interest in organic chemistry for many years. The reactions were found to take place via a nitroarenium ion [Ar(H)NO2]+ (σ-complex). Research in the recent twenty years has revealed that two reactive intermediates, a charge-transfer complex (π-complex) [ArH, NO2]+ or [ArH, YNO2]+ and an ion-radical pair [ArH+. , NO2•], are produced consecutively in the aromatic nitration prior to formation of the σ-complex [Ar(H)NO2]+. The full mechanism for this classical type of reactions has been established. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of various structurally related electrophiles, such as dithionitronium NS2+ and zwitterionic Cl2SO+--AlCl3 adduct, have been discovered and studied most recently. The related nucleophilic aromatic substitution has been further studied recently. Effective biological applications of several types of functionalized aromatic compounds have been developed in the recent decade.
Keywords: Aromatic, auto-oxidation, charge-transfer, electrophile, intermediate, mechanism.
Graphical Abstract
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances of Heterocyclic Chemistry with Pesticide Activity
Global food safety and security will continue to be a global concern for the next 50 years and beyond. Plant diseases have had a significant impact on food safety and security throughout the entire food chain, from primary production to consumption. While conventional chemical pesticides have been traditionally used for ...read more
Calculation design of covalent/metal organic framework based catalysts
This research area combines theoretical computation and screening with machine learning for the design of covalent/metal organic framework-based catalysts, bridging the disciplines of organic chemistry, physical chemistry, computational chemistry, materials science, and machine learning. It covers several critical aspects: designing and synthesizing organic catalysts for improved performance, applying computational methods ...read more
Carbohydrates conversion in biofuels and bioproducts
Biomass pretreatment, hydrolysis, and saccharification of carbohydrates, and sugars bioconversion in biofuels and bioproducts within a biorefinery framework. Carbohydrates derived from woody biomass, agricultural wastes, algae, sewage sludge, or any other lignocellulosic feedstock are included in this issue. Simulation, techno-economic analysis, and life cycle analysis of a biorefinery process are ...read more
Catalytic C-H bond activation as a tool for functionalization of heterocycles
The major topic is the functionalization of heterocycles through catalyzed C-H bond activation. The strategies based on C-H activation not only provide straightforward formation of C-C or C-X bonds but, more importantly, allow for the avoidance of pre-functionalization of one or two of the cross-coupling partners. The beneficial impact of ...read more
Related Books
Advances in Organic Synthesis
The Synthetic Methods, Structures, and Properties of the Ca-C σ Bond Organocalcium Containing Compounds
Advances in Organic Synthesis
Chemistry of Bipyrazoles: Synthesis and Applications
Advances in Organic Synthesis
Advanced Nanocatalysis for Organic Synthesis and Electroanalysis
Advances in Organic Synthesis
Advances in Organic Synthesis
30