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Current Organic Synthesis

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-1794
ISSN (Online): 1875-6271

Microwave Irradiation and Phase Transfer Catalysis in C-, O- and N-Alkylation Reactions.

Author(s): György Keglevich, Alajos Grün and Erika Bálint

Volume 10, Issue 5, 2013

Page: [751 - 763] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1570179411310050006

Abstract

In this review, the relevance of the combined use of the microwave (MW) and phase transfer catalytic (PTC) techniques is studied within alkylations. In the solid–liquid phase C-alkylation of a series of simple CH-acidic compounds including P=O containing derivatives, in most cases there is no need to use a phase transfer catalyst, as MW promotes the reaction in itself. In the MW-assisted solid–liquid phase alkylation of phenol derivatives, the presence of an onium salt as a phase transfer catalyst ensures the predominance of the O-alkylation. In the absence of base and catalyst, the alkylation of phenol derivatives proved to be C-selective. As regards the MWpromoted solid–liquid phase alkylating esterification of phosphinic acids, the use of a phase transfer catalyst was beneficial in case of alkylating agents of normal reactivity. In MW-assisted N-alkylations there is no general rule for the relevance of a phase transfer catalyst. In the alkylation of phenotiazine, the presence of an onium salt promotes the formation of the N-alkylated product, while in the absence of catalyst, the C-alkylation is predominant. Most of the C- and O-alkylations was performed under solvent-free conditions.

Keywords: Microwave, phase transfer catalysis, C-alkylation, O-alkylation, N-alkylation.


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