Abstract
Cystatin C (cys-C) is a small protein molecule (120 amino acid peptide chain, approximately 13kDa) produced by virtually all nucleated cells in the human body. It belongs to the family of papain-like cysteine proteases and its main biological role is the extracellular inhibition of cathepsins. It’s near constant production rate, the fact that it is freely filtered from the glomerular membrane and then completely reabsorbed without being secreted from the proximal tubular cells, made it an almost perfect candidate for estimating renal function. The strong correlation between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) along with the growing understanding of the role of cysteinyl cathepsins in the pathophysiology of CVD inspired researchers to explore the potential association of cys-C with CVD. Throughout the spectrum of CVD (peripheral arterial disease, stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, heart failure, coronary artery disease) adverse outcomes and risk stratification have been associated with high plasma levels of cys-C. The exact mechanisms behind the observed correlations have not been comprehensively clarified. Plausible links between high cys-C levels and poor cardiovascular outcome could be impaired renal function, atherogenesis and inflammatory mediators, remodeling of myocardial tissue and others (genetic factors, aging and social habits). The scope of the present article is to systematically review the current knowledge about cys-C biochemistry, metabolism, methods of detection and quantification and pathophysiological associations with different aspects of CVD.
Keywords: Biomarker, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, cystatin-C, cysteinyl cathepsins, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title:Cystatin C: An Emerging Biomarker in Cardiovascular Disease
Volume: 13 Issue: 2
Author(s): Christos Angelidis, Spyridon Deftereos, Georgios Giannopoulos, Nikolaos Anatoliotakis, Georgios Bouras, Georgios Hatzis, Vasiliki Panagopoulou, Vlasios Pyrgakis and Michael W. Cleman
Affiliation:
Keywords: Biomarker, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, cystatin-C, cysteinyl cathepsins, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease
Abstract: Cystatin C (cys-C) is a small protein molecule (120 amino acid peptide chain, approximately 13kDa) produced by virtually all nucleated cells in the human body. It belongs to the family of papain-like cysteine proteases and its main biological role is the extracellular inhibition of cathepsins. It’s near constant production rate, the fact that it is freely filtered from the glomerular membrane and then completely reabsorbed without being secreted from the proximal tubular cells, made it an almost perfect candidate for estimating renal function. The strong correlation between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) along with the growing understanding of the role of cysteinyl cathepsins in the pathophysiology of CVD inspired researchers to explore the potential association of cys-C with CVD. Throughout the spectrum of CVD (peripheral arterial disease, stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, heart failure, coronary artery disease) adverse outcomes and risk stratification have been associated with high plasma levels of cys-C. The exact mechanisms behind the observed correlations have not been comprehensively clarified. Plausible links between high cys-C levels and poor cardiovascular outcome could be impaired renal function, atherogenesis and inflammatory mediators, remodeling of myocardial tissue and others (genetic factors, aging and social habits). The scope of the present article is to systematically review the current knowledge about cys-C biochemistry, metabolism, methods of detection and quantification and pathophysiological associations with different aspects of CVD.
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Cite this article as:
Angelidis Christos, Deftereos Spyridon, Giannopoulos Georgios, Anatoliotakis Nikolaos, Bouras Georgios, Hatzis Georgios, Panagopoulou Vasiliki, Pyrgakis Vlasios and W. Cleman Michael, Cystatin C: An Emerging Biomarker in Cardiovascular Disease, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2013; 13 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026611313020006
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026611313020006 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
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