Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, autism, cataracts and aging. When endogenous mechanisms for the maintenance of redox homeostasis are overwhelmed, dietary intake of antioxidants contributes substantially to balancing the body’s oxidant/antioxidant status. Ginsenosides are thought to be primarily responsible for the pharmacological effect of P. ginseng root extracts on oxidative stress and inflammation. However, little is known about the underlying antioxidant mechanisms of individual ginsenoside; specifically, the reactivity of ginsenoside Rb1 with ROS has not been well studied. We found that Rb1 can significantly and selectively reduce hydroxyl radical (·OH) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), two of the strongest ROS, with unique molecular mechanisms in a cell-free system. Rb1 directly scavenges the ·OH and protects plasmid DNA from damage induced by ·OH. ·OH likely attacks the double bond on the side chain of Rb1 as well as hydrogen atoms adjacent to the –OH groups, including those of sugar moieties. Rb1 also shows a high reactivity to HOCl and effectively inhibits HOCl-induced tyrosine chlorination in a cell free system. HOCl is added to the double bond of Rb1; the -Cl group and –OH group of HOCl possibly bond at C-24 and C-25 of Rb1 based on the regioselectivity of Markovnikov's Rule. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that ginsenoside Rb1 scavenges HOCl and protects tyrosine from HOCl-induced chlorination. Thus, this study reveals unique antioxidant mechanisms of individual ginsenoside Rb1, which may contribute to the pharmacological effect of P. ginseng and to the development of effective strategies for clinical applications of ginsenosides.
Keywords: Ginsenoside Rb1, antioxidant, hydroxyl radical, HOCl, superoxide anion, cell free system, DNA plasmid
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Ginsenoside Rb1 Directly Scavenges Hydroxyl Radical and Hypochlorous Acid
Volume: 18 Issue: 38
Author(s): Jian-Ming Lu, Sarah M. Weakley, Zhen Yang, Ming Hu, Qizhi Yao and Changyi Chen
Affiliation:
Keywords: Ginsenoside Rb1, antioxidant, hydroxyl radical, HOCl, superoxide anion, cell free system, DNA plasmid
Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, autism, cataracts and aging. When endogenous mechanisms for the maintenance of redox homeostasis are overwhelmed, dietary intake of antioxidants contributes substantially to balancing the body’s oxidant/antioxidant status. Ginsenosides are thought to be primarily responsible for the pharmacological effect of P. ginseng root extracts on oxidative stress and inflammation. However, little is known about the underlying antioxidant mechanisms of individual ginsenoside; specifically, the reactivity of ginsenoside Rb1 with ROS has not been well studied. We found that Rb1 can significantly and selectively reduce hydroxyl radical (·OH) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), two of the strongest ROS, with unique molecular mechanisms in a cell-free system. Rb1 directly scavenges the ·OH and protects plasmid DNA from damage induced by ·OH. ·OH likely attacks the double bond on the side chain of Rb1 as well as hydrogen atoms adjacent to the –OH groups, including those of sugar moieties. Rb1 also shows a high reactivity to HOCl and effectively inhibits HOCl-induced tyrosine chlorination in a cell free system. HOCl is added to the double bond of Rb1; the -Cl group and –OH group of HOCl possibly bond at C-24 and C-25 of Rb1 based on the regioselectivity of Markovnikov's Rule. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that ginsenoside Rb1 scavenges HOCl and protects tyrosine from HOCl-induced chlorination. Thus, this study reveals unique antioxidant mechanisms of individual ginsenoside Rb1, which may contribute to the pharmacological effect of P. ginseng and to the development of effective strategies for clinical applications of ginsenosides.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Lu Jian-Ming, M. Weakley Sarah, Yang Zhen, Hu Ming, Yao Qizhi and Chen Changyi, Ginsenoside Rb1 Directly Scavenges Hydroxyl Radical and Hypochlorous Acid, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2012; 18 (38) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212803832254
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212803832254 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration: Past, Present, and Future
Current Angiogenesis (Discontinued) Cell Cycle Inhibition in Malignant Lymphoma: Disease Control by Attacking the Cellular Proliferation Machinery
Current Drug Targets Glimpse into the Cellular Internalization and Intracellular Trafficking of Lipid- Based Nanoparticles in Cancer Cells
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Sp/KLF Family and Tumor Angiogenesis in Pancreatic Cancer
Current Pharmaceutical Design Factors Interacting with HIF-1α mRNA: Novel Therapeutic Targets
Current Pharmaceutical Design Microarray: An Approach for Current Drug Targets
Current Drug Metabolism Current Insights into the Role of HIF-1 in Cutaneous Wound Healing
Current Molecular Medicine Pioglitazone and Cancer: Angel or Demon?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Potential Role of Natural Compounds as Anti-Angiogenic Agents in Cancer
Current Vascular Pharmacology The TWEAK-Fn14 System: Breaking the Silence of Cytokine-Induced Skeletal Muscle Wasting
Current Molecular Medicine Applications of Lentiviral Vectors for shRNA Delivery and Transgenesis
Current Gene Therapy Molecular Targeted Approaches to Cancer Therapy and Prevention Using Chalcones
Current Cancer Drug Targets Evaluation of the in vivo Safety Profiles of Rictor Inhibition Using a Zebrafish Model
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Potential for Genetically Altered Microglia to Influence Glioma Treatment
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Biological and Pharmacological Activities of Iridoids: Recent Developments
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Novel Strategies of Regenerative Medicine Using Chemical Compounds
Current Medicinal Chemistry Utilising Nanotechnology and Nanosystems for Treatment of Rare Diseases
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 2-Methoxyestradiol as a Potential Cytostatic Drug in Gliomas?
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Artemia species: An Important Tool to Screen General Toxicity Samples
Current Pharmaceutical Design Green Chemistry Starting from 2H-Pyran-2-one Derivatives
Current Green Chemistry