Combination of Hypoxia and RNA-Interference Targeting VEGF Induces Apoptosis in Hepatoma Cells Via Autocrine Mechanisms

Esther      Raskopf; Annabelle      Vogt; Georges      Decker; Sarah      Hirt; Katjana      Daskalow; Thorsten      Cramer; Jens      Standop; Maria-Angeles      Gonzalez-Carmona; Tilman      Sauerbruch; Volker      Schmitz

Abstract

Control of VEGF signaling is an intense objective of pre-clinical and clinical studies in HCC disease with steadily increasing clinical application. Despite its emerging role, several aspects of anti-VEGF based treatments are poorly investigated, like the impact on tumor cells themselves, such as the effect on intracellular signaling and apoptosis induction in hepatoma cells. Effects of siRNA-VEGF on VEGF, VEGF-receptor expression and VEGF-A signaling such as AKT and JNK phosphorylation were determined under normoxic or hypoxic conditions in murine hepatoma cells. Apoptosis induction was analyzed by SubG1-fraction, JC1-staining and caspase-8 activation. VEGF receptor expression was analysed by semiquantitative real time PCR. Independent of oxygen status, siRNA-VEGF reduced VEGF levels resulting in decreased AKT and increased JNK phosphorylation in Hepa129 cells. The VEGF-receptors neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) and neuropilin-2 (Nrp2) were downregulated following siRNA-VEGF treatment or hypoxia induction respectively. Functionally, hypoxia significantly increased the apoptosis rate (as analyzed by SubG1-fraction, JC1-staining and JNKphosphorylation) which was further stimulated by siRNA-VEGF treatment. Our data indicate that antitumoral efficacy of an anti-VEGF based treatment with siRNA is partly based on negative autocrine feedback mechanisms which are even enhanced under hypoxic conditions. This observation helps to understand why antitumoral efficacy can be maintained despite of counteracting stimulation of tumoral VEGF secretion due to hypoxia. The direct impact on tumor cells further underscores the attractiveness of an anti-VEGF based siRNA treatment.

Keywords: Apoptosis, autocrine mechanisms, hepatocellular carcinoma, hypoxia, RNA interference, VEGF signaling, HCC disease, antitumoral efficacy