Preface
Page: i-i (1)
Author: Martina Salvatorina Murgia*, Germano Orrù* and Cinzia Casu*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238631124010001
Infectious and Inflammatory Cheilitis
Page: 1-23 (23)
Author: Martina Salvatorina Murgia*, Germano Orrù* and Cinzia Casu*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238631124010002
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
A broad spectrum of infections can occur in the oral cavity. These can be
classified according to the etiological agent in bacteria, viruses and fungi. The most
common bacterial infections are more putative in the hard tissues of the teeth, the pulp
organ and periodontal tissues. Fungal infections are caused by opportunistic fungi that
are generally present in the oral microbiota. In the oral and perioral regions, they are
mainly attributed to Candida albicans. As far as viral infections are concerned, the oral
and perioral cavity can be infected with numerous viruses, each capable of determining
a rather distinct clinical-pathological picture. Herpes viruses are the most common and,
in most cases, cause local disease in the short term. Human papillomaviruses are
responsible for clinically distinct, rosy-white, exophytic verruca-papillary lesions with
a typical surface alteration that gives a granular or cauliflower appearance.
Labial Traumatic Diseases
Page: 24-39 (16)
Author: Martina Salvatorina Murgia*, Germano Orrù* and Cinzia Casu*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238631124010003
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The oral tissues, for obvious anatomical reasons, are exposed to continuous
mechanical and inflammatory traumatic insults. Both reactive and pure traumatic
hyperplastic injuries have been dealt with in this chapter. Reactive hyperplastic lesions
are tumor-like hyperplasias caused by a tumor-like non-neoplastic proliferation due to
chronic irritative stimuli. The most common reactive lesions include morsicatio
labiorum, buccarum and traumatic fibroma. Among the purely traumatic ones,
hematoma, ecchymosis and mucocele (affecting the minor salivary glands) stand out.
These lesions can be generalized to large areas of the mucous membrane of the oral
cavity or localized as solitary neoformations. Furthermore, according to the clinical
aspect, they can be divided into plain (e.g., keratosis), exophytic (e.g., mucocele and
fibroma) and endophytic (e.g., traumatic ulcers). Reactive traumatic injuries often
present diagnostic challenges because they mimic other pathologies of a non-traumatic
nature.
Labial Immunological Diseases
Page: 40-65 (26)
Author: Martina Salvatorina Murgia*, Germano Orrù* and Cinzia Casu*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238631124010004
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused by autoantibodies targeting structural
proteins present in the skin and mucosa. The oral mucosa is frequently affected in these
diseases, in particular by lichen planus, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, erythema
multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and pemphigus. Clinical symptoms are
heterogeneous and may present clinically with erythema, erosions and ulcers localized
on the oral mucosa, causing a plethora of local and systemic symptoms, including pain,
dysphagia, difficulty in eating and speaking and general malaise. The multiplicity and
similarity of the clinical manifestations of these pathologies make an accurate diagnosis
based only on the clinic extremely difficult. Therefore, to make a correct differential
diagnosis, the clinic must be accompanied by a histopathological examination. The
management of oral lesions accompanied by painful symptoms is challenging and
requires a multidisciplinary approach. The main purpose of treatment is usually
directed at reducing the pain and discomfort caused, controlling the worsening of the
disease, and preventing complications.
Labial Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Page: 66-78 (13)
Author: Martina Salvatorina Murgia*, Germano Orrù* and Cinzia Casu*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238631124010005
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The oral cavity reflects the general health of the organism. Signs of a
systemic or syndromic pathology often appear first in the oral cavity rather than
systemically. Systemic diseases that can cause oral manifestations include
endocrinopathies, oncological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neurological
diseases. Oral lesions caused by the treatment of systemic diseases can also be
clinically significant, including those caused by cancer therapies (mucositis) and drugs
that alter salivary flow. Some clinically observable changes in the oral cavity are
disease-specific, while others may simply increase the dentist's level of suspicion. This
short chapter deals with some important systemic pathologies with labial manifestation:
Crohn's disease, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, and chemotherapy-induced
mucositis in cancer patients.
Labial Vascular Diseases
Page: 79-94 (16)
Author: Martina Salvatorina Murgia*, Germano Orrù* and Cinzia Casu*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238631124010006
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Malformative lesions of vascular origin should be considered among the
neoplasms of the facial soft tissues. These comprise a very heterogeneous group that
can be classified into tumors and vascular malformations. Vascular malformations are
characterized by a structural defect of blood vessels that have a physiological turnover
of endothelial cells resulting from a malformation during development. They can, in
turn, be sporadic or associated with genetic mutations. They are classically divided into
low or high-flow vascular malformations. The former have no arterial component and
are classified according to their predominant endothelial cell type as capillary, venous,
lymphatic or combined. The latter has an arterial component and includes arterial
malformations, arteriovenous malformations, arteriovenous capillary malformations
and arteriovenous fistulas. Vascular tumors include benign and malignant neoplasms of
endothelial cellular origin. Among the most common vascular tumors, hemangioma
stands out. Pyogenic granuloma (lobular capillary hemangioma) is the most commonly
diagnosed subtype of benign endothelial neoplasia in the oral cavity. Furthermore, most
oral pyogenic granulomas are considered reactive rather than neoplastic proliferations.
Among the malignant ones, much rarer, Kaposi's sarcoma and angiosarcoma emerge.
Labial Potentially Malignant Disorders and Cancer
Page: 95-109 (15)
Author: Martina Salvatorina Murgia*, Germano Orrù* and Cinzia Casu*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238631124010007
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Labial potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity are one of the main
risk factors for the onset of oral cancer. Oral cancer now accounts for 3-5% of
malignant tumors in Western world statistics. For this reason, the treatment of
precancerous diseases of the oral cavity assumes an undeniable importance in
preventing the onset of this pathology. Pre-cancers of the oral cavity include the forms
with the highest risk of malignant transformation (erythroplasia, homogeneous and
non-homogeneous leukoplakia) and the other forms with a low index of malignant
transformation (lichen planus, oral submucosal fibrosis, leucoplakia, and chronic
hyperplastic candidiasis). The cause of the onset of the precancerous oral cavity is
unknown, but there are usually some risk factors that, alone or in combination, play an
action favoring the appearance of the mucosal lesion. The main risk factors for
precancerous lesions in the oral cavity are tobacco, alcohol, chronic local trauma, poor
oral hygiene, chronic dietary and vitamin deficiencies, exposure to diagnostic and
therapeutic ionizing radiation, viral and fungal infections and immunological factors. In
this chapter, we will focus on actinic cheilitis, an extremely common precancerous
condition of the lips, and oral cancer.
Labial Pigmented Lesions
Page: 110-123 (14)
Author: Martina Salvatorina Murgia*, Germano Orrù* and Cinzia Casu*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238631124010008
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The diagnosis of oral mucosal pigmentations is complex, and
histopathological evaluation may be necessary to clarify the nature of the lesion.
Although most oral pigmented lesions are benign, it must be emphasized that
melanoma of the oral cavity, probably the most aggressive epithelial tumor, is often
underestimated and diagnosed late. The dentist, therefore, should have basic knowledge
of the main epidemiological and clinical characteristics of this large group of lesions.
Pigmented lesions associated with melanin include racial pigmentations, melanotic
macules, smoking-associated melanosis, melanocytic nevi, melanoacanthoma, and
melanoma. Some systemic diseases (for example, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and
Laugier-Hunziker syndrome) are also characterized by the presence of melanin lesions
in the oral mucosa. In the literature, there are also some cases of pigmentation caused
by melanin in association with the intake of drugs and as a consequence of some postinflammatory mechanisms. Pigmented lesions not associated with melanin are
subdivided according to the nature of the pigment responsible for the discoloration. The
pigmentations caused by the deposition of exogenous pigments are represented by
some metals (for example, amalgam, tattoo), drugs, or their metabolites.
Alternative Therapeutic Protocols for Lip Diseases
Page: 124-141 (18)
Author: Martina Salvatorina Murgia*, Germano Orrù* and Cinzia Casu*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238631124010009
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the most innovative therapies
currently available with no side effects. Initially introduced for the treatment of
dermatological pathologies, it is now used in numerous medical fields, as well as in
oral pathology. PDT has antimicrobial effects and can be used in several infections.
The mechanism of action of PDT is based on the application of a dye called
photosensitizer, which is activated by a precise wavelength. The photosensitizer is
activated by specific wavelengths based on the chemical characteristics. Its activation
involves the formation of reactive oxygen species that determine the death of the
altered cells. Phototherapy is a therapeutic medical treatment based on the use of a
special optical unit capable of emitting light, which can be used with or without UV
radiation. Phototherapy acts as a natural and non-invasive therapy, capable of
transferring energy to the cells of the organism, promoting regenerative capabilities.
The aim of our work is to report our clinical experience in the treatment of some lip
pathological conditions with phototherapy and PDT.
Subject Index
Page: 142-146 (5)
Author: Martina Salvatorina Murgia*, Germano Orrù* and Cinzia Casu*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238631124010010
Introduction
Common Lip Diseases: A Clinical Guide is a comprehensive medical atlas designed to enhance the understanding and management of various labial pathologies. This guide is specifically tailored for dentistry students, dentists, and dermatologists, offering a clear and concise overview of common lip diseases, organized by etiology for easy reference. The atlas covers a wide range of conditions, including infectious and inflammatory cheilitis, traumatic lip diseases, and systemic immunological disorders like lichen planus and pemphigus vulgaris. It also addresses labial manifestations of systemic diseases, vascular pathologies, and potentially malignant disorders such as squamous cell carcinoma. Additionally, the guide explores pigmented lesions and introduces innovative treatment protocols like phototherapy and photodynamic therapy. Key Features - Quick and easy-to-read medical reference - Covers several conditions of the lips - Several detailed images - Case studies for understanding outpatient clinical practice With its didactic approach, this atlas is an invaluable resource for medical professionals seeking to advance their basic knowledge in oral medicine.