Preface
Page: ii-iii (2)
Author: Anuradha Mishra, Preeti Bajpai and Tarique Mahmood Ansari
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238754124010002
A Systematic Review of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Etiology, Clinical Symptoms, Pathogenesis, and Future Developments
Page: 1-16 (16)
Author: Satya Prakash Singh*, Deepti Dwivedi, Rabiya Ahsan, Ankur Srivastava and Ajay Kumar Shukla
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238754124010004
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are nervous system disorders that
impact around 30 million people globally. Loss of brain tissue is a hallmark symptom
of NDDs. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's
disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease are among the NDDs caused by
protein misfolding and inappropriate processing of proteins. In addition,
neurodegeneration has also been linked to oxidative stress, mitochondrial malfunction,
and/or environmental variables strongly correlated with aging. Significant evidence has
been obtained after years of intensive research that shows these factors have a crucial
role in the etiology of prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. Many clues have been
identified regarding neurodegenerative illnesses, but the complexities of these
conditions still make them difficult to understand. This chapter presents a more
straightforward explanation to help individuals better understand NDDs, their etiology,
clinical symptoms, and pathogenesis
Neuro-inflammatory Responses in Alzheimer’s v/s Parkinson’s Diseases
Page: 17-31 (15)
Author: Amrutha K. and Sarika Singh*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238754124010005
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders and are
the leading cause of morbidity and disability. These are described by the progressive
degeneration of the neurons and impaired function of the central nervous system.
Prevailing neurodegenerative diseases in the world include Alzheimer's disease and
Parkinson's disease and reports predict that on average, the prevalence of both diseases
will double in a span of the next twenty years. Pieces of evidence showed that the
immune system is profoundly involved in brain development, maintenance, and repair
as well as in damage, therefore, may provide a wide scope to focus on the
neuroinflammation-based therapeutic approaches. In this chapter, the various
neuroinflammatory responses will be discussed during the onset and progression of
both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease pathologies. We will be focusing on both
central and peripheral inflammatory responses and their consideration for disease
diagnosis and therapeutics.
Immunopathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and other Neurodegenerative Diseases
Page: 32-64 (33)
Author: Sunil Kumar, Ajay Kumar Shukla, Vimal Kumar Yadav, Ankur Srivastava, Deepti Dwivedi and Satya Prakash Singh*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238754124010006
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are categorized mostly by protein deposits or
known hereditary mechanisms, despite recent studies showing overlap and intraindividual variations in these symptoms. A synergistic interaction between pathological
proteins advises extensive pathogenic pathways. Animal models and other studies have
uncovered the fundamental mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and cell death,
opening up new avenues for future prevention and therapy plans. A multidomain
therapy approach that emphasizes the underlying reasons why diseases alike
Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, etc. occur. Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's
disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are becoming far more common in the
Western world. Neuronal inflammation, gut microbiota, extracellular misfolded protein
accumulation, hallmarks of various neurodegenerative nephropathies, and failure of the
systemic and cerebral immune systems are some of the elements that affect the
immunopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Deficits in the ubiquitin
proteasome autophagy system, abnormal protein dynamics brought on by oxidative
stress and free radical formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired bioenergetics,
neurotrophins dysfunction, “neuroinflammatory” processes, and (secondary)
distractions of neuronal Golgi apparatus and axonal passage are some of the
fundamental mechanisms that contribute to immunopathogenesis. Long-term
cooperation between these interconnected systems results in programmed cell death. In
this review, we discussed every idea and hypothesis that have been put up on the
pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders.
Immunobiology and Immunotherapies in Huntington's Disease
Page: 65-87 (23)
Author: Arttatrana Pal*, Golden Kumari and Sonu Kumar
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238754124010007
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative complication
of the brain that causes uncontrolled choreatic movements, memory loss, abnormal
motor function, emotional changes, and a decline in cognition as well as an inability to
perform daily routine tasks. The development of advanced techniques, including
genetics, molecular biology, and genetic engineering, is beginning to discover an
anomalous role of immune modulatory molecules in HD onset and pathophysiological
complications. However, the role of immunoregulatory molecules, which are the key
chemical messengers that mediate intracellular communication to regulate cellular and
nuclear functions in HD pathogenesis, is still being unexplored. Here we present recent
immunological association studies on HD and emerging mechanisms for the
immunotherapies implicated in HD pathogenesis. The implications of immunotherapies
are very critical under both healthy and HD disease conditions. Recently, research
work has established new functional aspects of their pathways. Moreover, we propose
future directions for immune-related research in HD pathogenesis and potential
therapeutic approaches for immune-related therapies.
Introduction to Gut Microbiota and their Effects on Various Brain Disorders
Page: 88-103 (16)
Author: Afreen Usmani* and Anuradha Mishra
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238754124010008
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Human gut microbiota (GM) research has emerged as one of the most
promising fields in recent years. Moreover, a major area of interest is the connection
between GM and several human disorders. Numerous recent studies have demonstrated
the vital roles that the gut microbiome plays in human physiology and pathology.
Additionally, microbiome-based medicines have been used to cure illnesses. In
biomedical research, aging and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and
Parkinson's disease have also attracted a lot of attention. To explore the potential
pathogenic or therapeutic impacts of GM in diseases, several researchers have
examined the connections between these factors. Numerous biologically active
chemicals produced by microbiota have an impact on neurochemistry via
neuroendocrine, immunological, and metabolic pathways. Gastrointestinal functional
disturbances can manifest well in advance of the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.
Furthermore, recent advancements in both preclinical and clinical research have
indicated that the composition of the GM assumes a significant role in governing the
dynamic interplay between the gut-brain axis, potentially bearing relevance to the
etiology of neurodegenerative maladies. This chapter focuses on the relationship
between the microbiota and neurodegeneration, as well as the pertinent mechanisms,
present applications, and potential future prospects for microbiome-based therapy.
Interplay Between Gut-microbiota and Neurodegeneration
Page: 104-145 (42)
Author: Sumel Ashique*, Radheshyam Pal, Shubneesh Kumar, Bharti Verma, Nitish Kumar, Ivan Kahwa, Arshad Farid, Neeraj Mishra*, Prashant Kumar and Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238754124010009
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Introduction: The body of scientific evidence linking the microbiome to
many diseases has grown dramatically over the past several years; neurological
diseases have also shown a similar tendency. As a result, the gut-brain axis theory as
well as the notion that there could be a connection between the gut microbiome and
several CNS-related disorders whose pathophysiology is still not known have both
emerged.
Development: We look at the role played by gut microbiomes in the gut-brain axis as
well as the neurological conditions neuromyelitis optica, Alzheimer's, amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis, where changes in the gut
microbiota have been linked to human studies.
Conclusions: The amount of data connecting gut microbiota to different neurological
illnesses has significantly increased. Today, there is no longer any doubt that the gut
microbiota of the host influences brain function. This review assembles a sizable body
of credible research that is essential in emphasizing the crucial role of microbiota
colonization in neurodevelopment and how changes in microbiota dynamics might
have an age-dependent effect on brain function.
Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia: Plausible Mechanism and Interventional Approaches in Neurodegeneration
Page: 146-161 (16)
Author: Sameen Shafi, Hafizur Rahman Khan and Preeti Bajpai*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238754124010010
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Microglia, the brain resident macrophages perform a wide range of functions
ranging from brain development, equilibrium, maintenance in the brain
microenvironment, injury repair and the preservation of neuronal networks. Cellular
elasticity is a prerequisite for the multi-dimensional tasks performed by microglia.
Epigenetic modulations are critically involved in altering gene expression finely
coordinating with the phenotypic plasticity in microglia. Any change in its tuning
favors the inflammatory state of the brain, which leads to detrimental effects on the
nervous system. The present review offers an insightful exploration into the origin of
microglia, shedding light on its vital functions and the intricate mechanisms that govern
the epigenetic modification of microglia in neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore,
it explores potential avenues for mitigating these diseases.
Epigenetics as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tool in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Page: 162-176 (15)
Author: Rufaida Wasim*, Tarique Mahmood, Farogh Ahsan, Aditya Singh and Asad Ahmad
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238754124010011
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Epigenetics is a field that is concerned with the investigation of heritable
modifications in gene expression that transpire without DNA sequence alterations,
thereby establishing a connection between the genome and its surroundings.
Epigenetics simply analyzes gene expression amendment beyond variation to the DNA
sequence. The gradual accumulation of epigenetic changes over the course of an
individual's life span may contribute to neurodegeneration. This chapter deals with
epigenetic alteration, which affects the progress of neurodegeneration with age.
Epigenetic regulation, encompassing DNA methylation and histone modification, has
been implicated in the anomalous alterations in gene expression that occur during the
progression of neurodegeneration. The concept of epigenetics is useful to synthesize
novel medications to target these disorders. In recent times, a plethora of epigeneticsbased medications have been developed for the treatment of neurodegenerative
diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. Due to a major lack of
early screening processes that allow therapeutic agents to be distributed to afflicted
neurons paramount to cell death, many neurological conditions have severely restricted
options for treatment. Significant progress has been seen in neurodegenerative disease
biomarkers. These biomarkers have been unfortunate, due to substantial disparities
amidst the tissues acclimated to source biomarkers and biomarkers of disease.
Neurodegeneration may be exacerbated by epigenetic changes that develop gradually.
Epigenetic biomarkers could aid in the diagnosis, and monitoring, of neurodegenerative
diseases.
Current Therapeutic Options and Repurposed Drugs for Neurodegeneration
Page: 177-219 (43)
Author: Suneela Dhaneshwar*, Mohammad Aadil Bhat, Anuradha Singh and Supriya Roy
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238754124010012
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a vast collection of neurological disorders
with various clinical and pathological manifestations that impact particular subsets of
neurons in distinct functional anatomic systems; they begin for unexplained reasons
and advance inexorably. Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, Friedreich ataxia, and Spinal muscular atrophy are the
major neurodegenerative diseases. The prevalence and incidence of these diseases rise
dramatically with age; thus, the number of cases is expected to increase for the
foreseeable future as life spans in many countries continue to increase. Although there
are several medicines currently approved for managing neurodegenerative disorders, a
large majority of them only help with associated symptoms. The limitations of
pharmacotherapy in these disorders have led to an urgent shift towards the
development of novel compounds, interventions, and methods that target shared
features across the spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Drug repurposing is a
novel strategy where existing drugs that have already been approved as safe in patients
for the management of certain diseases are redeployed to treat other, unindicated
diseases. In this chapter, we have covered the current therapeutic options and drugs that
can be repurposed or have the potential to be repurposed for the management of
various neurodegenerative diseases.
Subject Index
Page: 220-225 (6)
Author: Anuradha Mishra, Preeti Bajpai and Tarique Mahmood Ansari
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238754124010013
Introduction
Advances in Diagnostics and Immunotherapeutics for Neurodegenerative Diseases delves into the intricate mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders and highlights cutting-edge diagnostic methods and innovative immunotherapeutic strategies. This comprehensive book addresses several key themes crucial to understanding and combating these debilitating conditions with an updated understanding of neurodegenerative disorders and a review of the latest advancements in diagnostic and treatment strategies. Key Themes Neuroinflammation: examines the complex molecular pathways involved in neuroinflammatory responses and their impact on disease dynamics. Gut-Brain Axis: A thorough discussion on the relationship between the gut microbiome and neurodegenerative processes is presented. Advanced Diagnostics: A state-of-the-art review of diagnostic techniques provides updates on advanced neuroimaging modalities, cerebrospinal fluid biomarker analysis, and genetic testing. Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia: Covers the emerging field of epigenetic modifications and their role in modulating microglial activation and function. Immunotherapeutics: Learn about the potential of monoclonal antibodies, immune modulators, and repurposed drug therapies in slowing disease progression and improving patient outcomes. This book serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and students in the fields of molecular biology, neuroimmunology, and clinical neurology.