Microbiome in Teenagers – Acquisition and Development
Page: 1-13 (13)
Author: Pallabi Chatterjee*, Isra Aman Aziz, Amarjit Singh and Aditi Singh
DOI: 10.2174/9789815274431124010003
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Adolescence is the stage of life between childhood and adulthood, ranging
from 10 to 19 years. It is a distinct period in human development and crucial for setting
the groundwork for long-term health. Teenagers grow quickly in terms of their
physical, cognitive, and emotional development.In the body of teenagers, major
changes in microorganisms take place. With the development of these changes in the
microbiome of teenagers, diseases are also developed. Teenagers are the future of the
world. Microbiota and diseases have an impact on their emotions, thoughts, decisions,
and interactions with others and their environment. This chapter is written to
acknowledge the readers about the resident microorganisms of the human body during
adolescence and the many kinds of changes that occur in the microbiome due to
lifestyle changes.
Neurological Disorders and Epilepsy among Adolescents
Page: 14-30 (17)
Author: Abhishek Nandy*, Chhavi Shukla and Aditi Singh*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815274431124010004
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Adolescence includes phases of both significant social role shifts and
biological growth, both of which have evolved over the previous 100 years. A
relatively prevalent neurologic condition throughout adolescence is epilepsy. Growth,
hormonal, psychological, and social circumstances all undergo significant change
during adolescence. It can be extremely challenging for many young women with
epilepsy to manage the developmental and emotional challenges of adolescence while
still having to deal with the reality of seizures, medication, stigma, and restriction.
These young women's everyday functioning and quality of life are further impacted by
the additional load of comorbidities like depression. It is crucial to spend time with
these teenagers discussing the effects of epilepsy and giving them the information and
resources they need to succeed in regaining their confidence and control over their
lives. Teenagers frequently struggle to embrace the chronic nature of their epilepsy and
to take their medications as prescribed, which can lead to bodily harm and real or
imagined barriers to employment and lower morale. Additionally, it was discovered
that children and teenagers with epilepsy are more likely to exhibit depressive and
anxious symptoms. Additionally, teenagers also suffer from other neurological
disorders that are common but less reported, like multiple sclerosis. The aim of this
chapter is to focus on some of the neurological diseases that are present mainly in the
adolescent period mainly epilepsy and some other neurological diseases.
Lifestyle-Associated Dental Diseases in Adolescents
Page: 31-48 (18)
Author: Pragyan Paliwal* and Swati Gupta
DOI: 10.2174/9789815274431124010005
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The lifestyle is the standard of living, conduct, and practice of an individual
person or a set of people that are usual or are selected by them. Lifestyle is a culture
based on the living conditions, and the conduct of a person is determined by
ethnographic factors and the individual temperament of a person. Oral diseases are
closely related to lifestyle. Oral hygiene can be maintained by innocuous choices in
relation to food, smoking tobacco, and the usage of dental health services. The changes
in lifestyle have disturbed the balance of the metagenome of the microbiota and human
host. This section examines the role of various factors in dental health, including
lifestyle and behavioral factors.
Association of Pesticides with Adolescent Asthma and Bronchial Hyper-Reactivity
Page: 49-72 (24)
Author: Shivani Singh, Juhi Verma, Vandana Tiwari* and Manish Raj Kulshrestha
DOI: 10.2174/9789815274431124010006
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Lung exposure to airborne toxins from various sources in the environment
can lead to acute and chronic pulmonary or even systemic inflammation. The
environment contains several compounds that might irritate the respiratory system,
including heavy metals and agrochemicals in adolescents. Toxicants can induce
respiratory illnesses and airway inflammation, which alters either the structure,
function, or composition of the body. Because of their long-term physical development,
the developing immune and respiratory systems are particularly vulnerable to various
environmental toxins. They promote the accumulation and activation of several allergy
indicators (eosinophil count, IgE, and numerous cytokines), which may be used to
potentially trigger lung inflammation. This chapter describes the impact of various
toxic substances on the airway and pulmonary system. Also, we have covered specific
pulmonary toxins, toxicants, and toxin combinations. The concluding section of the
chapter emphasizes raising awareness of the dangers and adverse effects toxicants may
have on health as well as encouraging more efforts to reduce exposure to adolescents.
Metropolitan residents use pesticides for the prevention of mosquitoes, ticks, ants, and
cockroaches. Reducing indoor allergens and pollution can lower asthma treatment costs
and severity.
Cancer in Adolescents
Page: 73-87 (15)
Author: Prankur Awasthi* and Saba Hasan
DOI: 10.2174/9789815274431124010007
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Cancer may become the cause of death due to lifestyle changes among
adolescents. It is becoming widely understood that our lifestyle choices have a big
impact on our likelihood of getting cancer. Numerous unavoidable risk factors are
responsible for most malignancies; however, to lower the likelihood of getting cancer,
we may alter our lifestyle. Having a balanced diet, controlling your weight, exercising
regularly, abstaining from alcohol, and avoiding tobacco use are all examples of
healthy lifestyle choices that can reduce your risk of acquiring cancer. Using
information from human research, we give data in this chapter on the correlation
between specific lifestyle factors and their contribution to the development of prostate,
breast, colon, and lung cancers.
Hypertension and Cardiovascular Problems - An Outlook Associated with Adolescents’ Lifestyles
Page: 88-107 (20)
Author: Hera Fatma, Pratyaksha Srivastava, Parul Johri*, Manish Singh Rajput, Shazia Syed and Mala Trivedi
DOI: 10.2174/9789815274431124010008
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The outlook of present-day adolescents’ lifestyles is certainly the outcome of
unhealthy childhood. The consequences of it are leading adolescents to hypertension
and cardiovascular diseases. There are several contributing elements to the complicated
and varied conditions of hypertension. Hypertension is increasing consistently in
children and may persist into adulthood. Cardiovascular problems are heart-related
issues such as cardiac conditions, stroke, endocarditis, irregular heartbeat, and more.
Cardiovascular diseases are the main complications caused by hypertension. Weight
control, lowered blood pressure, enhanced emotional wellness, and a propensity for
more physical activity in maturity are all health advantages of an active lifestyle for
teenagers. The possibility to stratify cardiovascular disease risk is the main justification
for detecting high blood pressure in most children and adolescents in the future. The
studies have shown enough evidence of anatomical and functional alterations in the
cardiovascular system that signify early atherosclerosis in youth. According to clinical
research, numerous variables that contribute to hypertension interact with one another,
negatively impacting the cardiovascular system in people.
Due to vascular blockage, cardiovascular disorders can cause hemorrhagic or ischaemic
disorders in the heart, brain, and other sections affecting vascular tissue. Basic clinical
manifestations can no longer be utilized as a standard characteristic to assess
individuals who have acute coronary atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cardiovascular
disease. Due to arterial blockage, cardiovascular disorders can cause hemorrhagic or
ischemic conditions in the heart, brain and other vascularly connected tissues.
Teenagers' heavy consumption of alcohol and cigarettes, overweight or obese, diabetes,
hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and other risk factors are the primary cause of
cardiovascular disease in adults. Hypertension has a major negative impact on patients'
health, which is directly tied to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. This paper
aims to emphasize the outcomes of an unhealthy adolescent lifestyle that consecutively
leads to lifestyle-associated problems, especially hypertension and cardiovascular issues. The studies help give a precise output of the analysis of what preventive
measures need to be taught to adolescents for a healthier and better future.
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and Diseases in Adolescents
Page: 108-119 (12)
Author: Nishtha Sah*, Kuhu Panchadhyai and Abhishek Nandy
DOI: 10.2174/9789815274431124010013
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The medical professional continues to see a lot of adolescents with
gastrointestinal illnesses, which have a big emotional and financial toll. One cannot
overstate how crucial it is to identify gastrointestinal disorders correctly. Diseases like
Lactose intolerance and Celiac disease cause nutrition deficiency among many
adolescents. Gastrointestinal disorders are illnesses that comprise a variety of chronic
or recurrent symptoms that cannot be fully explained by structural or biochemical
research at this time. One cannot overstate the significance of correctly diagnosing
gastrointestinal diseases in children. Children and their parents need to be aware that
their diagnosis is not only psychological but also medical. The physiological and
psychological factors that contribute to symptom manifestation must be considered
throughout management and therapy. The chapter focuses on illnesses that affect
adolescents, including appendicitis and ailments of the colon, rectum, small and large
intestines, and stomach.
Diabetes and its Associated Gastrointestinal Disorders in Adolescents
Page: 120-132 (13)
Author: Divyansh Verma*, Palak Mishra, Palak Sachdeva, Abhishek Nandy and Varad Vardhan Bisen
DOI: 10.2174/9789815274431124010014
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
An adolescent with diabetes faces very different challenges than a young
adult or grownup with diabetes. Failure to acknowledge and address this will result in
noncompliance and absence from the clinic. Type I diabetes is the most prevalent
metabolic illness in childhood and adolescence, although Type II diabetes in
adolescents is frequently associated with obesity, which may contribute to these
increased risks. Obesity impairs the body's capacity to utilize insulin, resulting in
elevated blood sugar levels. Among younger people, early identification of type II
diabetes as well as dedication to controlling overweight and obesity are critical. As a
result, a number of people with diabetes mellitus who have had it for a long time
experience chronic and recurrent clinical symptoms related to the disordered motility of
almost the entire GI tract, such as esophageal and epi-pharyngeal dysphagia,
gastroparesis, constipation, diarrhea, and fecal incontinence. Dietary changes are one of
the therapeutic methods used to treat chronic recurrent symptoms caused by autonomic
dysfunction. Dietary manipulations and several medications, including dopamine
antagonists, antibiotics, and hormones, promote peristalsis. On the other hand,
gastrointestinal symptoms related to acute metabolic problems are self-limited and
resolve quickly after the normal metabolic environment has been restored.
Polycystic Ovarian Disease Associated with Adolescent Lifestyles
Page: 133-145 (13)
Author: Sakshi Singh, Vartika Nishad, Parul Johri, Ritesh Pandey and Mala Trivedi*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815274431124010015
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Among women of reproductive age, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is
one of the most prevalent endocrinological diseases. It is a metabolic and endocrine
disorder in women that affects hormone levels. PCOS comes with many comorbidities,
which include obesity, which has been associated with an increased risk of
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and metabolic abnormalities, as well as a reduced
response to reproductive therapy such as laparoscopic ovarian diathermy,
gonadotropins, and clomiphene citrate. Genetic, dietary modification, lifestyle, and
obesity play an important role in causing PCOS in women. Women with PCOS are
more likely to have mood disorders than other women, including bipolar disorders,
depression, and anxiety, and worse quality-of-life ratings. Adolescent growth and wellbeing are significantly impacted by depression. Studies have shown that women with
PCOS are more likely to have increased carotid intima-media thickness and elevated
coronary artery calcium scores. Menstrual abnormalities, increased androgen
symptoms, and infertility are all improved by losing weight. Management of clinical
manifestations of PCOS includes oral contraceptives for menstrual irregularities and
hirsutism. Recent data suggest that proper diagnosis and management of PCOS are
essential to address patient concerns and prevent future metabolic, endocrine,
psychiatric, and cardiovascular complications.
Common Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology of Adolescence
Page: 146-178 (33)
Author: Shivangi Gusain*, Shreetama Bhattacharjee, Amisha Mishra, Abhishek Nandy and Aditi Singh
DOI: 10.2174/9789815274431124010016
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Controlling communicable diseases has long been a priority for international
health policy. The burden and mortality of communicable diseases have significantly
decreased among children under the age of five, but older children and adolescents are
subject to greater disease burden, and it is unclear whether current policies and
programs continue to be in line with intervention targets. There is compelling evidence
that suggests bacteria have a role in a number of chronic, non-infectious disorders,
including coronary heart disease, neurological disorders, and a few types of cancer.
Teenagers all around the world suffer from various diseases caused by microorganisms.
The diseases are caused due to the change in lifestyle. Amidst tremendous
physiological change and growth, the young adult is exposed to a range of stressors and
environmental factors. Diseases like tuberculosis, urinary tract infection, candidiasis,
influenza, and AIDS are very common among adolescents and affect millions of
teenagers across the world. Some of the diseases like sexually transmitted illness,
Ringworm, and Mononucleosis are very alarming for adolescents as most of the teens
across the world are suffering at a staggering rate. This chapter is written to inform the
readers about the common diseases caused by microorganisms in the teenage years due
to lifestyle changes.
Vaccination Program and Risk of Antimicrobial Resistance in Adolescence
Page: 179-186 (8)
Author: Abhishek Nandy*, Humaira Saeed and Aditi Singh
DOI: 10.2174/9789815274431124010017
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Millions of lives are saved annually thanks to vaccination, which is a
success story in global health and development. More than 20 deadly illnesses are
prevented by vaccines, allowing individuals of all ages to enjoy longer, healthier lives.
Currently, vaccinations stop 3.5-5 million fatalities every year from illnesses including
measles, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and influenza. Diseases that used to often
damage or kill infants, children, and adults have significantly decreased because of
vaccinations. Immunization offers protection not just against the disease but also
against any potentially harmful side effects or sequelae. A global danger to
development and health is antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Among the top 10
worldwide public health risks to humanity as per WHO, is AMR. Drug-resistant
infections are mostly brought on by the improper use and abuse of antibiotics. The
proliferation of bacteria, some of which may be resistant to antibiotic therapy, is
encouraged by a lack of clean water, proper sanitation, and effective infection
prevention and control. The economic burden of AMR is substantial. Long-term
disease not only increases the risk of mortality and incapacity but also lengthens
hospital stays, necessitates the use of more expensive medications, and puts a strain on
the finances of those affected. In this chapter, we discussed the vaccination programs
and adolescents' risk of antimicrobial resistance as one of the major future aspects to be
followed by parents of teenagers. Teenagers are the future of the world. Microbiota and
diseases have an impact on their emotions, thoughts, decisions, and interactions with
others and their environment.
Subject Index
Page: 187-192 (6)
Author: Aditi Singh and Abhishek Nandy
DOI: 10.2174/9789815274431124010018
Introduction
Lifestyle diseases and related conditions present a major healthcare challenge for children, posing a significant threat to their well-being. The Editors have compiled chapters to present a multicentric approach to the subject. This book is an insightful reference on lifestyle diseases and its management in adolescents. It includes ten chapters with a focus on systemic disorders that are linked to lifestyle issues. Topics in this volume include gut microbiome and gastrointestinal disorders, neurological disorders, dental diseases, respiratory diseases and allergies associated with pesticides, cancer, hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and common infectious diseases. The book highlights the risk factors and determinants of these diseases, and where an immediate intervention is needed. An updated understanding of the diseases with scientific references gives readers crucial information for setting the groundwork for long-term public health policy formulation. This book serves as a primary resource for scholars and trainees in nursing, medical (pediatrics and endocrinology) and paramedical courses who are required to understand lifestyle diseases with a focus on adolescents. Readers and professionals in public health, life-sciences and related disciplines can also use this as a secondary reference.