Acknowledgements
Page: iii-iii (1)
Author: Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010003
Introduction to the Principles of Automation and Control
Page: 1-04 (4)
Author: Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010006
PDF Price: $15
Concepts of Automation and Control
Page: 5-19 (15)
Author: Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan*, Lanre Daniyan, Adefemi Adeodu and Khumbulani Mpofu
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010007
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The discussion in this chapter revolves around the general introduction and
the basic definition of the concepts of automation and control. Automation and control
are closely interrelated fields with the advent of Industry 4.0. Automation deals with
the integration of technologies that can enable systems to carry out tasks without
human intervention or with minimal intervention. On the other hand, control is a
process of monitoring and manipulating the variables of a system in order to achieve
the desired outputs. Hence, an automated system comprises the control system,
information, communication and technology system, actuator, and effective feedback
mechanism. The emergence of Industry 4.0 technologies focuses on improvement in
efficiency, profitability, systems’ flexibility, manufacturing processes, product quality,
cost, and time effectiveness with a significant reduction in manufacturing process
errors. These improvements can be aided by putting in place a system with effective
automation and control. This chapter further explores the differences between
mechanization and automation and draws a correlation between automation and
artificial intelligence. Also, the capabilities underlying the Artificial Intelligence (AI)
technology are highlighted. Furthermore, the classes of automation are explained
including the procedures for automation design. In addition, the merits and demerits of
automation are highlighted and the chapter ends with the automation of production
lines and different work layout configurations. The concept of automation is central to
industrial society and is prevalent in the engineering industries (manufacturing, process
industries, etc.)
Automated Processes and Systems
Page: 20-49 (30)
Author: Saheed Akande*, Wasiu Adeyemi Oke and Fawaz Aremu Babajide
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010008
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
In this chapter, the concepts of automated processes and systems including
the elements of system automation are explained. In process automation, digital
technologies are often used to automate complex manufacturing or business processes.
This includes the use of the system to perform tasks and the integration of software,
information and communication technology, data acquisition, and storage sub-systems.
A system may go through several processes that are time sensitive and repetitive before
obtaining the final output. Process automation prevents variation and bottlenecks
associated with these processes such as errors, and data loss while improving speed and
communication among other sub-systems. System automation is a subset of Mecha-tronics engineering that involves the integration of a sensing system, control
mechanisms, and drive system (actuators). The three basic elements of an automation
system that must be synergized include: the power system, the program of instructions
or codes to direct the process, and the control mechanism to actuate the instructions.
This chapter also delves into the systems operations, programming and classes of
automated systems. The two major classes of the control system; open and closed loop
control systems otherwise known as the non-feedback and feedback control systems
respectively are discussed including their designs. The Proportional Integral Derivative
(PID) controllers will continue to be important in several industrial applications
because they utilize a control loop feedback mechanism to control process variables
and are highly stable and accurate in achieving control tasks.
Levels of Automation
Page: 50-59 (10)
Author: Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan*, Lanre Daniyan, Adefemi Adeodu and Ikenna Uchegbu
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010009
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
This chapter discusses the levels of automation (LOA). The degree to which
a system, process or task is automated is referred to as the level of automation. They
are: manual, semi-automatic and fully automatic depending on the level of human
involvement, the system or processes to be automated and the end users’ requirements.
At the lowest level; the manual represents the human control level while the fully
automatic level represents the computer controls level. At the semi-automatic level, the
control activities involve both human and computer controls. The human control tasks
include sensory processing for information acquisition, perception for information
analysis, decision-making based on cognitive processing for action selection, and
response selection for action implementation. Furthermore, this chapter also highlights
the elements of system automation and classes of automated systems. The
identification and specifications of the elements of the system’s automation based on
the end-user requirements are a critical aspect of the control design phase. The major
elements of the system’s automation include a sensor, a controller, an actuator, a power
component, a motor and drives, a communication protocol, a human-machine interface,
etc. Classes of automation systems could also be fixed, programmable, flexible,
integrated, or cognitive automation depending on the need. The future of fully
autonomous systems is exciting and promising although many industrial processes and
systems are semi-autonomous thus relying on human factors such as physical, mental
and technical capabilities such as intuition, perception, sensitivity, observation,
experience, and judgment to arrive at effective decision making as it relates to system’s
control.
The Control System
Page: 60-90 (31)
Author: Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan*, Lanre Daniyan, Boitumelo Ramatsetse and Khumbulani Mpofu
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010010
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
This chapter presents the control system and its functions, types, examples,
and representation of the process control systems. A control system is a system that
regulates, directs, commands, and manages the performance of other sub-systems using
a control loop. Basically, there are two major types of control systems, viz; the open
and closed loop control systems. For the open loop control system, control action is
independent of the desired output. This control system is referred to as a non-feedback
control because of the absence of a feedback path. Although they are simple in design
and relatively inexpensive but are less accurate compared to the closed-loop control
system. On the other hand, for the closed-loop control system, control action is a
function of the desired output. This control system is referred to as feedback control
because of the presence of the feedback path. Although it is complex in design and
expensive but more accurate compared to the open loop control system. To enhance the
performance of basic controls, many modern systems incorporate advanced controls
such as advanced regulatory controls, advanced process controls, multivariable
predictive control, non-linear multivariable predictive control, fuzzy logic control,
inferential measurements, etc. Advanced controls are a set of technologies employed to
address a specific control deficiency in a system. While the basic controls facilitate the
control of a system’s basic operations, advanced controls are incorporated to enhance
the performance of the basic controls.
Computer Control Devices in Automation
Page: 91-98 (8)
Author: Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan*, Lanre Daniyan, Adefemi Adeodu and Felix Ale
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010011
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
This chapter deals with the control devices used in automation such as
Programmable Logic Devices (PLD), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC),
Programmable Automation Controller (PAC), Personal Computer (PC), etc. The goal
of the control devices in automation is to achieve an efficient, robust and reliable
system control. Basically, system control devices include input devices (for raw data
input), processing devices (for processing raw data into information), output devices (to
disseminate the processed data and information), and storage devices (for the retention
of processed data and information). The sensors feed the main controller with the input
data acquired from the environment. Following the processing of the data, the decision
is made by the main controller on the control action to take and this decision is
communicated to the actuator for execution. The actuator in turn drives the final
control device to implement the control action. The programming language is crucial in
achieving optimum efficiency. While the PLC follows a scan-based program execution,
PC software is usually event-driven. In terms of cost efficiency, indicators such as
performance, expandability, and ruggedness are important considerations. The initial
cost of a PC may be higher than that of a PLC as a PC is more suitable for processing
of complex network loads. PLC may be initially inexpensive but as the demand for
processing power increases, the PC-based system becomes more cost-effective. In
terms of expandability, PLC usually offers support to standard industrial equipment but
when an external control is needed, a PC is more suited. PLC does not require
additional protection equipment compared to PC.
Industrial Automation Tools and Components
Page: 99-107 (9)
Author: Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan*, Lanre Daniyan, Felix Ale and Khumbulani Mpofu
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010012
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Industrial automation tools are of a wide range of tools that are employed for
industrial automation. These tools comprise various control systems that incorporate
diverse sub-systems or devices to enhance industrial processes. Notable examples
include Computer-aided design (CAD software) and Computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM software), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Distributed Control Systems
(DCS), Human-Machine Interface (MHI), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
System (SCADA), instrumentation and robotics, etc. They are beneficiaries in the area
of product development (improved design, analysis, and manufacture of products),
quality control time and cost-effectiveness amongst others. This chapter emphasizes
industrial automation tools and components. Furthermore, the application of industrial
automation in robotics, packaging systems, computer numeric control systems, tool
monitoring systems, advanced inspection systems as well as flexible manufacturing
systems were discussed in this chapter. Industrial automation tools can significantly
influence industrial processes with a reduction in manufacturing lead time,
improvement in product quality, and effective process monitoring.
Practical Examples of System Automation and Control
Page: 108-130 (23)
Author: Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan*, Lanre Daniyan, Adefemi Adeodu and Felix Ale
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010013
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
This chapter provides a practical demonstration of how a system’s
automation can be achieved. Some specific examples presented include the automation
of irrigation systems, waste segregator, gasifiers, biodiesel plants, biogas plants, lawn
mowers, assembly line automation as well as the automation and control of the
suspension system of a railcar. The details of the design and components required for
the automation of these systems are highlighted. The chapter presents practical guided
approaches by which system automation can be achieved depending on the end-users
requirements. The practical examples highlight the integration of sensors (for
measuring conditions/parameters), controllers (for processing inputs and decision-making) as well as actuators (for effecting changes) with minimal or no human
interference. System automation is connected to the engineering field called
mechatronics which is an interdisciplinary engineering branch comprising a
combination of mechanical, computer, electrical and electronic systems. The
automation of systems will enhance profitability, improved production rate, product
quality, and safety.
Water Distribution Management in Real Time: Using a Cloud-Based Approach
Page: 131-151 (21)
Author: Kazeem Aderemi Bello*, Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan, Osato Alexendra Ighodaro, Adefemi Adeodu and Wasiu Adeyemi Oke
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010014
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Lack of access to potable water has become an issue of concern in our
society. In order to satisfy the increasing water demands of the galloping population in
Nigerian communities, it is essential to use smart technology to manage water
resources. The purpose of this research work is to ensure that inaccessibility to water as
a result of pump failure is detected in real-time through smart technology. To solve this
daunting challenge, an Arduino microcontroller and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
were used to switch on and switch off the submersible pump at a predetermined Water
Level (WL) in the tank and also to determine the pump availability hours. The WL in
the tank was monitored using an Arduino microcontroller, sensors, relays, and LCD. A
Global System for Mobile telecommunication (GSM) module was also used to create
an interactive medium between the user/maintenance team and the system to monitor
the submersible pump reliability based on engineering theory and concept. The system
was tested by introducing varying volumes of water in a constructed water distribution
system prototype in the laboratory. The microcontroller was efficient in controlling the
system; the pump was able to switch on and switch off when the WL in the tank was
50% and 100%, respectively. As an autonomous system, it was capable of taking
decisions automatically without human interference. The system was able to send
feedback via SMS to alert the user/maintenance team to check the pump whenever it
failed to pump water at WL≤ 50%. This innovative design system will help to monitor
and manage water distribution properly and it should be considered for use in schools,
hospitals, residences, offices, etc. to ensure the availability of water always, save
energy consumption and help in combating covid-19.
Development of Automated Waste Segregator
Page: 152-160 (9)
Author: Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan*, Adefemi Adeodu, Jacobs Kelechi and Lanre Daniyan
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010015
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
One of the major problems with waste generation today is the huge
percentage of plastics in its composition. The automated waste segregator is a
mechatronic system that solves this problem by the incorporation of high calibrated
sensors and mechanical properties into its design to enable the smooth segregation of
plastics and metals. It is capable of detecting and separating these components as soon
as they get to its sensing unit with the aid of capacitive proximity sensors and
ultrasonic sensors. The capacitive proximity sensor made with plated iron detects the
type of material in range either plastics or metals based on their di-electric constant. A
12V DC geared motor made with aluminum and iron of high torque and speed
characteristics is connected to the lids to enable its automatic open and close
mechanism. Also, a microcontroller (PIC18F452) was used to control the entire
segregation process of the system and is capable of storing and implementing the
software in real-time. The sensors are controlled by the PICI8F452 microcontroller and
based on the sensor readings, pulses are sent from the controller to the geared motor for
the fast action of lid opening. The results of the performance evaluation indicated that
the automated waste segregator has the capacity to identify and sort wastes into
plastics, metals and any other waste with the aid of a capacitive sorting technique.
Development of a Fire Detection and Extinguishing Robot
Page: 161-170 (10)
Author: Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan*, Adefemi Adeodu, Bankole Oladapo, Vincent Balogun and Ididiong Etudor
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010016
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Robotics finds application in firefighting services. This work considers a
robot that is able to detect fire and extinguish it. The robot operates automatically,
avoiding obstacles, and at the same time, it is capable of detecting, tracking, and
extinguishing flames. To achieve the best performance with an effective implementation, a modular design strategy was adopted, where the robot is divided into a
number of logical modules based on functionality. The design consists of five main
modules: the master controller, motor control, proximity control, fire detection and fire
extinguishing module. Each module is associated with appropriate sensors and
actuators. The information from various sensors and key hardware elements is
processed via the PIC18F452 microcontroller. This is then interfaced with the master
controller which coordinates and schedules the task of the entire robotic system. The
performance evaluation indicates the robot’s capability to detect and extinguish flames,
hence, this work will generate interest as well as innovations in the field of robotics
while working towards practical and obtainable solutions to save lives and mitigate the
risk of property damage.
Performance Simulation of a Solar-Powered and Hand Gesture Controlled Lawn Robot using Dynamic Movement Primitives (DMP)
Page: 171-186 (16)
Author: Adefemi Adeodu*, Rendani Maladzhi, Mukondeleli Grace Kana-kana, Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan and Kazeem Aderemi Bello
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010017
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Hand-gesture interpretation and control in robotics describe the
interconnection between human and machine elements in the computer vision world.
Pruning a structured environment is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, it
requires management by a self-propelled machine. The path planning mode allows the
robot to move along a specified path. Various studies on lawn mower robots focus
more on obstacle avoidance with hand gesture interpretation and control implemented
to take care of path definition. This study targets the development of a solar-powered
lawn mower robot using hand gesture control as a path-planning technique. The robotic
system continuously operates using charged batteries via solar energy stored in
photovoltaic cells. The robot control mechanism was implemented via the use of
infrared sensors to avoid obstruction on its path, and hand gesture interpretation via a
DSP processor for path planning. The performance evaluation of the robot was based
on field experiments and simulations using SolidWorks, defined in terms of area
covered, lawn availability, energy utility, and optimum turning velocity. The evaluation
revealed that the machine’s efficiency is almost 100% based on the area covered, the
percentage availability of the robot is 95%, and the average energy utility of 7.7 KWh
was also obtained. The optimum turning velocity of 0.096 m/s at work with a
completion time of 20 minutes was obtained by simulation. This robot is useful for any
environment, both structured and semi-structured.
Experimental Design and Modelling of Automated 4-Cylinder Engine Injector
Page: 187-198 (12)
Author: Kazeem Aderemi Bello*, Abdulrahman Adama, Olasunkanmi Adekunle Odunaiya and Cordelia Ochuole Omoyi
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010018
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The global emission regulations and fossil fuel pollution control have
necessitated the need to study the effect of injector fuel splitting time and flow rate on
engine performance. To achieve this, an automated prototyped 4-cylinder injector
engine was developed to replicate the real-time activities of the injector system in the
internal combustion (IC) engine. Arduino Nano open-source platform was used to
integrate the various component parts such as the fuel injector, fuel tank, submersible
fuel pump injector rail, transparent plastic chamber, flexible hose, Engine Control Unit
(ECU), connecting wires, frame, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), switch button, relay
module, current sensor, potentiometer, Arduino nano, and pressure sensor that were
used for the design experiment. Programmable circuit board microcontroller, Arduino
(Integrated Development Environment) IDE, and C++ coding language were used to
achieve the smart regulations of the injector operation system to replicate the real-time
situation when the engine is running. This was achieved by incorporating Arduino
microcontroller ATMEGA328, C++, and Arduino IDE software. The Arduino
programming initiates the injection system and measures the injection output
parameters. The system was designed to vary the splitting time delay between the four
injectors and to measure the flow rate of the fuel injected. The experimental study
showed that at a very high splitting time delay, the amount of fuel injected is more than
the fuel injected at a relatively low splitting time delay with an average flow rate of
4.36 l/min at 50 microseconds and 0.02 l/min at 500 microseconds for high and low
splitting time, respectively. This study will help the stakeholders in the automotive
industry to virtualize the invisible situation of the fuel injector in real-time performance
in the engine.
Subject Index
Page: 199-203 (5)
Author: Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080926123010019
Introduction
Principles of Automation and Control is a concise textbook that explains the basics of robust automation and control strategies. It demonstrates the essentials for meeting consumer needs and ensuring cost-effective manufacturing processes without compromising product quality. With a focus on Industry 4.0, this book explores the principles and applications of automation in industrial systems, emphasizing efficiency, profitability, and flexibility. The thirteen chapters cover automated processes, control theory, computer control devices, industrial automation tools, and practical examples of system automation. The text uses a multidisciplinary approach with simple language to cater to the needs of readers at all levels (learners, beginner engineers, and professionals) seeking to expand their knowledge in automation and control theory and practice. Real-world case studies and empirical findings are also highlighted, which show how automated business solutions can enhance performance.