Non-renewable Resources and Environmental Sustainability
Page: 1-16 (16)
Author: Sonu Sharma, Monu Sharma, Joginder Singh, Bhupinder Dhir and Raman Kumar*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010004
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Growing need for energy for sustaining increasing population has resulted in
overexploitation of natural resources and over use of fossil fuel-based energy sources
(coal, oil and gas). The consumption of non–renewable resources such as coal,
petroleum and natural gas has increased tremendously resulting in environmental
problems and climatic changes. Emission of greenhouse gases and other environmental
concerns have increased. The decline in the quantity of non-renewable resources has
generated the search of alternate energy sources. Switch to alternate sources of energy
and fuel can be a sustainable option to this problem. Solar, tidal, geothermal, wind are
some of the renewable sources of energy that are being focused to curtail the energy
crisis and ensure sustainability for environment. A framework based on fulfilling the
SDGs need to be developed which can contribute for more profitable, responsible path
of economic growth and development.
Role of Biotechnology in Treatment of Solid Waste
Page: 17-34 (18)
Author: Bhupinder Dhir*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010005
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Waste management has become a major global concern. The rapid rise in the
rate of population has increased the generation of waste at a tremendous pace.
Improper disposal of agricultural, household, municipal and industrial wastes can pose
a threat to the health of living beings and the environment. Industrial waste, in
particular, is highly hazardous as it contains toxic chemicals and metals. Many methods
of waste disposal have been adopted, but most of them produce various kinds of after-effects, therefore, biological methods have been adopted because of their eco-friendly
and sustainable nature. Sustainable waste management aims to minimize the amount of
waste generation. Waste is treated in a proper way, involving the steps such as
segregation, recycling and reuse. Biotechnological methods such as composting,
biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds and bioremediation have been tried. These
methods have proved useful in treating waste in an eco-friendly way. More research
studies need to be carried out to standardize the method for the proper treatment of
waste so that environmental sustainability can be achieved.
Role of Biotechnology in Afforestation and Land Rehabilitation
Page: 35-53 (19)
Author: Bhupinder Dhir* and Ruby Tiwari
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010006
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Increased requirements for food and commodities have generated immense
pressure on land resources. Landforms and forest areas have been converted to
agricultural lands and rehabilitation areas to support the needs of a growing population.
Owing to these changes, an urgent need for afforestation and land restoration has been
generated. Various methodologies have been tried to restore the degraded land and
increase the forest cover. Clonal propagation aiming at rapid multiplication and large-scale production of plants via selected clones has been successfully implemented. This
approach has proved useful in raising commercial plantations. The use of
biotechnological approaches such as molecular markers and advanced breeding
programmes proved useful in raising clones for achieving afforestation and land
rehabilitation on a large scale. The present chapter provides a detailed account of
biotechnological techniques and processes that have played a significant role in
afforestation and land rehabilitation.
Remediation of Wastewater Using Biotechnological Techniques
Page: 54-69 (16)
Author: Sonu Sharma, Monu Sharma, Joginder Singh and Raman Kumar*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010007
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Wastewater contamination is increasing day by day because of increase in
industrial operations and anthropogenic activities. Wastewater is a by product of
industrial and domestic operations which is directly disposed into the environment and
contain large amount of toxic materials harmful for human, animals as well as
environment. Wastewater coming from industries is highly contaminated hence its
recovery is a major concern. Developing countries and less developed countries
generate large amount of wastewater in comparison to developed countries.
Biotechnology provides best solution to get rid of this problem. Different
technique/methods such as use of activated sludge, trickling filters, biosorption, bioaccumulation, use of nanoparticles play a major role in treatment of water. Role of
microorganisms via microbial fuel cells and membrane biofilm bioreactors have also
been used for removing metals present in wastewater. This chapter aims to provide
complete information about biotechnological approaches for wastewater treatment in a
cost- effective manner along with complete removal of sludge and toxic compounds.
Soil Reclamation and Conservation Using Biotechnology Techniques
Page: 70-89 (20)
Author: Bhupinder Dhir*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010008
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Pollution and unsustainable use of natural resources such as land and soil
has resulted in their destruction. Restoration of degraded land and soil is essential for
maintenance of essential ecosystem services such as preservation of biodiversity,
nutrient/water cycling and meeting the food requirement for living beings.
Bioremediation has appeared as technology with high potential for restoring damaged
soil and degraded lands. Biotechnological techniques such as development of efficient
microbial consortia with an enhanced capacity to remove various contaminants from
soils and improvement in nutrient retention in soil have opened new prospects in
bioremediation with an aim to recover productive capacity of soil. The techniques such
as bioventing, bioaugumentation, biosparging have also proved useful in restoring
degraded and non-productive soils to a great extent. The biotechnological techniques,
thus can act as an ecofriendly method for remediation, restoration and reclamation of
degraded/damaged soils.
Remediation of Environmental Contaminants using Nanoparticles
Page: 90-107 (18)
Author: Bhupinder Dhir*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010009
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Nanotechnology plays an important role in monitoring, preventing, and
remediating environmental pollution. Nanomaterials are used in the detection and
removal of contaminants such as heavy metals, organic pollutants (aliphatic and
aromatic hydrocarbons), and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
Nanomaterials act as good adsorbents, catalysts, and sensors due to their large specific
surface areas and high reactivities. Physicochemical properties, such as large surface
area, facilitate easier biodegradation/remediation of environmental contaminants.
Carbon nanomaterials, namely carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, and zero-valent iron nanoparticles, have shown great potential for the removal of heavy metals
and organic contaminants from water and soil. Hence, nanoremediation represents an
innovative approach to safe and sustainable remediation of environmental
contamination.
Application of Nanoparticles in Environmental Monitoring
Page: 108-128 (21)
Author: Bhoirob Gogoi*, Neehasri Kumar Chowdhury, Suprity Shyam, Reshma Choudhury and Hemen Sarma
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010010
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The planet is dealing with a major problem of environmental pollution. Year
after year, this problem worsens, causing harm to our planet. To combat the major
environmental issues, various technologies have been developed over the years. The
use of nanomaterials in environmental management is becoming more common.
Nanomaterials are increasingly being used to clean the air, purify water, decontaminate
soil, and detect pollution. Nanotechnology has emerged as a technique for cleaning up
pollution and monitoring degradation of environmental sectors such as air, water and
soil. Hence nanotechnology can contribute to the sustainability of the environment.
This chapter discusses the use of nanomaterials in the monitoring of air pollutants,
organic contaminants and other environmental pollutants, as well as the various
methods involved in the production of nanoparticles.
Removal of Micropollutants and Pathogens from Water using Nanomaterials
Page: 129-143 (15)
Author: Bhupinder Dhir* and Raman Kumar
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010011
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Presence of micro pollutants and pathogens in water has become a concern
worldwide. Micropollutants such as pharmaceutically active compounds, personal care
products, organic compounds and pathogens/microbes (viral, bacterial and protozoa)
pose a threat to humans. Nanotechnology has proved effective in developing strategies
for the treatment of contaminated water. Nanomaterials have found application in the
removal of different categories of pollutants, from water. The properties such as high
reactivity and effectiveness establish nanomaterials as ideal materials suitable for
treatment of contaminated water/wastewater. Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes,
graphene-based composites and metal oxides, have shown potential to remove dyes,
pathogens from wastewater. Research efforts are required to develop an eco-friendly,
economic and sustainable technology for the removal of micropollutants and biological
agents such as microbes using nanomaterials.
The Potential of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Environmental Remediation
Page: 144-152 (9)
Author: Bhupinder Dhir*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010012
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) possess inherent properties that help them
in improving the quality of the environment via the detection, remediation, and
removal of pollutants and contaminants. The properties such as high reactivity, high
surface-to-volume ratios, superparamagnetism, large surface area and biocompatibility
are responsible for the extensive use of magnetic nanoparticles in environmental
remediation. MNPs act as adsorbents or catalysts and help in the removal of
contaminants from environmental matrices. High pollutant removal efficiency of
magnetic nanoparticles can be exploited in framing low-cost-effective technologies for
environmental remediation.
Role of Nanotechnology in Water Treatment
Page: 153-159 (7)
Author: Rashmi Verma*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010013
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as an alternative to conventional water
treatment methods that involve high costs and processes. Nanomaterials offer great
potential for cleaning wastewater. Various nanomaterials have shown the potential to
remove pollutants such as organic and inorganic content, and toxic heavy metal ions
from wastewater. Nanoparticles with nanofibers and carbon nanotubes form an
important part of ultrafiltration membrane, osmosis, sorption, advanced oxidation
process, water remediation as well as disinfection processes. The rate of removal of
contaminants from wastewater depends upon the physical and chemical characteristics
of the nanomaterial, the contaminant, and wastewater
Use of Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics- A Suitable Alternate to Prevent Environmental Contamination
Page: 160-197 (38)
Author: Chandrika Ghoshal*, Shashi Pandey and Avinash Tomer
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010014
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Bioplastics are plastics that are manufactured from biomass. These polymers
have become increasingly popular as a means of conserving fossil fuels, lowering CO2
emissions and minimising plastic waste. The biodegradability of bioplastics has been
highly promoted, and the demand for packaging among merchants and the food
industry is fast rising. It also has a lot of potential applications in the biological and
automobile industries. The plastic on the market is extremely dangerous because it is
non-biodegradable and harmful to the environment. As a result, the production and
usage of biodegradable polymers are becoming increasingly popular. Some of the more
recent formulations, partially as a result of third-party certifications, are more
compliant than the initial generation of degradable plastics, which failed to achieve
marketing claims. Many “degradable” plastics, on the other hand, do not degrade
quickly, and it is unclear whether their use will lead to significant reductions in a litter.
Biodegradable polymers, such as poly(lactic acid), are seen as viable replacements for
commodity plastics. In seawater, however, poly(lactic acid) is practically non-degradable. Other biodegradable polymers' degradation rates are further influenced by
the habitats they wind up in, such as soil or marine water, or when utilised in healthcare
equipment. All of these aspects are discussed in detail in this chapter, including
bioplastic types, applications, production, degradation, problems in landfills and sea
water, fermentation, synthesis, and sustainability. This chapter, taken as a whole, is
intended to help evaluate the possibilities of biodegradable polymers as alternative
materials to commercial plastics.
Role of Alternate Fuels (Bioethanol and Biodiesel) in Preventing Environmental Degradation
Page: 198-209 (12)
Author: Bhupinder Dhir*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010015
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The diminishing quantity of fossil fuels and environmental degradation lead
to the search for renewable and environmentally friendly fuels that can substitute
petroleum. The burning of petroleum products releases gases that pollute the
environment, hence need for alternate fuels was realized. Biofuels such as biodiesel
and bioethanol derived from food crops, biomass, algae, vegetable oil, animal fats, or
lignocellulosic materials are renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic. They possess low
quantities of sulfur, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals and are considered
eco-friendly. Biotechnological methods have been adapted to increase the production
of crop plants that are used in the production of biofuels. Genes encoding for enzymes
that degrade lignin, an important component of food crops,have also been inserted in
food crops so that processing can be made easier for getting increased production of
biofuels.
Remediation of Heavy Metals Using Biochar and its Modified Forms
Page: 210-252 (43)
Author: Akanksha Bhardwaj, Puneeta Pandey and Jayaraman Nagendra Babu*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010016
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination has affected various life forms on earth due to
their toxic, carcinogenic and bio-assimilative nature. Heavy metals are rapidly
transported by various water bodies in our environment. Thus, the remediation of
heavy metals in water bodies is essential for sustaining our ecosystems. The treatment
technologies available for treating the heavy metals undergoing dynamic biochemical
transformations in the environment are a challenge as well as an opportunity for
developing alternate cost-effective technologies. Adsorption has emerged as an
environment-friendly and cost-effective technology. Biochar, a sustainable and low-cost adsorbent, has shown encouraging results for the remediation of these
environmental contaminants. It stands out as a promising adsorbent due to chelating
functional moieties apart from high surface area and porosity. These physicochemical
attributes of biochar can be modulated using various physicochemical treatments to
achieve higher heavy metal removal efficiencies. Biochar is a carbon-neutral material,
which can be regenerated and disposed-off easily in an adsorption-based remediation
process. This chapter brings out the modifications characteristic of biochar, a
comparative statement of properties vis-a-vis biochar and their use in the adsorption of
heavy metals, and various mechanisms accounting for their removal.
Contribution of Green Technologies in Getting Sustainable Environment
Page: 253-270 (18)
Author: Bhupinder Dhir*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010017
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Green technologies provide an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to
conventional technologies. Conventional technologies used for combating pollution
show certain limitations and drawbacks. Green technologies have been accepted
worldwide for their advantages, such as easy availability, less environmental harm and
sustainability. In recent years, solar, wind, geothermal energy, and alternate fuels, such
as biogas and biodiesel, have emerged as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional
energy sources and fuels. Green technologies, such as developing eco-friendly and
recyclable products, have restricted the release of greenhouse gases, generation of
waste, and exploitation of natural resources to a great extent. Green technologies thus
provide a sustainable option to prevent environmental degradation and over-exploitation of natural resources. Carbon-neutral alternatives have the potential to meet
the needs of present and future generations. The production of clean energy is one of
the major approaches to get a sustainable environment. Developing clean and
environmentally friendly carbon-neutral alternatives can prove useful in meeting the
needs of the fuels of present and future generations.
Techniques in Prevention, Detection and Monitoring of Environmental Contaminants
Page: 271-292 (22)
Author: Bhupinder Dhir*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010018
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Pollution in various sectors of the environment has produced a threat to
human health and aquatic ecosystems. Biosensors play an important role in the
detection of toxicants such as heavy metals. Efforts have been made to develop
sensitive and efficient sensors for monitoring the presence of contaminants in the
environment using nanotechnology and bioengineering techniques. Biosensors, in
particular, help in monitoring the presence of pollutants in the environment, protecting
our environment. Enzyme, DNA, imuno and whole cell-based biosensors have been
developed and work depending on the reaction type, transduction signal, or analytical
performance. Advantages such as specificity, low cost, ease of use, and portability
establish biosensors as an efficient technique that can be used to detect the presence of
various inorganic and organic contaminants.
Utility of Biofertilizers for Soil Sustainability
Page: 293-330 (38)
Author: Sekar Hamsa, Ruby Tiwari* and Chanderkant Chaudhary
DOI: 10.2174/9789815124033123010019
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Modern agriculture is almost entirely reliant on the supply and utilization of
agrochemicals, such as fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides, to maintain and boost
agriculture productivity. Heavy use of chemical fertilizers has resulted in numerous
adverse effects on the environment and human health. Biofertilizers have emerged as
an eco-friendly, inexpensive, and renewable alternative to restore, enhance, and
maintain soil fertility, soil health, and crop yield. Biofertilizers are beneficial microbes,
including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, cyanobacteria, and
their symbionts. Hence, the importance of biofertilizers in soil management practices
for soil and crop sustainability needs to be highlighted in light of their multiple
benefits, including augmenting nutrient availability in the rhizosphere, increasing
nutrient uptake and recycling, supplementing soil water holding capacity, production of
plant growth regulators, and soil reclamation. The challenges regarding the large-scale
utilization of biofertilizers need to be emphasized to achieve sustainability in
agricultural soils.
Introduction
Environmental issues such as overexploitation, pollution and degradation of natural resources have prompted us to look for ways to devise sustainable practices across industrial and public service sectors. Researchers and scientists all over the world are involved in developing strategies and techniques that help us achieve a sustainable environment. Technology for a Sustainable Environment presents an overview of various methods and techniques that can be adapted to sustain the environment. Chapters focus on techniques such as bioremediation, nanotechnology and biotechnology that can play a very important role in achieving environmental sustainability goals. The chapters also provide a detailed account about use of biotechnology, nanotechnology and other techniques in achieving environmental sustainability. Additionally, the book includes a discussion about emerging technologies that promote environmental sustainability like green technologies, biodegradable polymers and plastics. Readers will be able to understand how modern technologies can help in monitoring environmental pollutants, remediation of environmental pollution and prevention of environmental degradation. The book is suitable for readers, professionals and scholars at all levels who require an understanding of the technology in environmental science, environmental engineering and environmental biotechnology.