Book Volume 1
Preface
Page: ii-iii (2)
Author: Pinki B Punjabi, Rakshit Ameta and Sharoni Gupta
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050899123010002
Introduction to Carbocatalysis
Page: 1-42 (42)
Author: Pinki Bala Punjabi* and Sharoni Gupta
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050899123010005
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Carbocatalysis has emerged as a promising field of catalysis. The
exceptional surface morphology, pore distribution, thermal conductivity, chemical
inertness, electrical property and renewability of carbon materials have rendered them
suitable for various catalytic processes namely, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis,
biocatalysis and chemical catalysis. Therefore, the introductory chapter on
carbocatalysis describes the useful properties of carbonaceous materials which govern
their catalytic behaviour. Moreover, synthetic approaches for the fabrication of diverse
carbon polymorphs such as active carbon, graphite, fullerene, glassy carbon, carbon
black, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibres, nanodiamonds, carbon nano-onions, and
graphene have also been briefly discussed in this chapter. The scope of carbocatalysts
over broad areas has also been elucidated by quoting instances.
Structure and Properties of Graphene and Chemically Modified Graphene Materials
Page: 43-75 (33)
Author: Manish Srivastava, Anjali Banger, Anamika Srivastava, Nirmala Kumari Jangid* and Priy Brat Dwivedi
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050899123010006
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Graphene is an allotrope of carbon that is made up of very strongly bonded
carbon atoms. The structure of graphene is a hexagonal lattice. Graphene shows sp2
hybridization and an extremely thin atomic thickness of approximately 0.345Nm. This
chapter deals with graphene structure, including hybridization, critical parameters of
the unit cell, the formation of σ and π bonds, electronic band structure, edge
orientations, and the number and stacking order of graphene layers. The remarkable
characteristics of graphene occur because of the extended chain of π conjugation that
results in high charge mobility, high conductivity & high Young's modulus value. Due
to these attractive properties, graphene has gained much attention. Graphene, with the
unique combination of bonded carbon atom structures with its myriad and complex
physical properties is balanced to have a big impact on the future of material sciences,
electronics, and nanotechnology. Graphene is converted to Graphene nanoparticles,
Graphene oxide nanoparticles; Polymer-based graphene composite materials and
Graphene nanoribbons, etc by chemical methods. Some of the application areas are
batteries and ultracapacitors for energy storage and fuel cell and solar cell for energy
generation and some of the possible future directions of research have been discussed.
Preparation Methods for Graphene and its Derivatives
Page: 76-117 (42)
Author: Sharoni Gupta*, Pinki Bala Punjabi and Rakshit Ameta
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050899123010007
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Over the past few decades, graphene and its derivatives have carved a niche
for themselves in material science. These carbon nanomaterials exhibit a broad range of
applications owing to their enchanting features like high specific surface area, chemical
inertness, astonishing electrical and thermal properties, elevated intrinsic mobility,
inimitable optical properties, and huge mechanical strength. Considering the ubiquitous
applications of graphene in different industries, diverse top-down and bottom-up
methods have been developed. This chapter outlines the various methods used for the
synthesis of graphene and graphene-based derivatives, such as exfoliation, unrolling or
unzipping of carbon nanotubes, electric arc discharge method, laser ablation technique,
oxidative exfoliation-reduction of graphene oxide, chemical vapour deposition,
epitaxial growth, template synthesis, pyrolysis, substrate-free synthesis, total organic
synthesis, and biological methods, highlighting the advantages of these methods.
Upcoming challenges concerning the commercial synthesis of graphene have also been
addressed in the concluding part.
Characterization Techniques for Graphene-Based Materials
Page: 118-153 (36)
Author: Vickramjeet Singh and Ramesh L. Gardas*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050899123010008
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Graphene bearing 2D (dimensional) layer of carbon atoms bonded in sp2
hybridized state are only 1 atomic-scale thick. However, the graphene can be extended
along the horizontal dimension. The alternate double bonds leading to perfect
conjugation with sp2
hybridization are exhibited in the hexagonal structure
(honeycomb) of graphene. Theoretically and experimentally, the thicknesses of
graphene have been determined and are in the nano-meter range. The extraordinary
mechanical and electrical properties exhibited by such a 2D material have inspired
scientists for device fabrication methodologies that can shift the synthesis from lab
scale to large scale. It is considered the strongest material on earth, almost 100
times stronger (i.e., strength) than the best steel. Since graphene is only 1 atomic-scale
thick and transparent, the characterization of graphene is complex but essential. The
thickness down to one atomic layer in graphene can be identified by the light
interference causing color contrast. Thus, optical microscopy-based methods enable the
identification of graphene or its derivatives; on the other hand, Raman spectroscopy,
which is sensitive to molecular bonding and geometric structure, is commonly
employed for the quality determination of graphene-based materials. In this chapter,
various characterization techniques are discussed, enabling the characterization of
graphene and graphene-based materials (GBMs).
Functionalization of Graphene and Factors Affecting Catalytic Performance
Page: 154-207 (54)
Author: Gopal Avashthi and Man Singh*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050899123010009
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Carbon and its driven materials have been a foundation of living and nonliving systems for centuries due to their amazing experimental expressions in light, temperature, pressure, and pH. Being light-weighted and electronically active with equal energy partitioning in its four orbitals (2s12px12py12pz1), the C atoms have been at the core of natural sciences, providing valuable resources like high-grade wood, cotton, and many others. Thus, carbon-driven materials like diamond, graphite, and graphene ink have been attracting the attention of scientists, researchers, and industries. The chapter reviews recent chemical methodologies for the synthesis and structural investigation of graphene and its derivatives by various analytical techniques that provide information about basic knowledge to understand the role of graphene and graphene-based composites in various qualitative and quantitative applications. Here, several methods have been enlisted for the surface alteration of graphene oxide by a synthetic approach, such as ultrasound, a microwave-assisted synthesis that avoids the use of hazardous chemicals. Also, conventional methods have been discussed, including various types of reactions, such as nucleophilic, electrophilic, condensation, and cycloaddition. This review article highlights the key points to understanding the 2D carbon material for researchers and users to learn about the chemical modification of graphene at the initial stage. This write-up also discusses a brief explanation of various carbon nanomaterials that concern graphene and its oxide forms. We have explained the synthetic value of 2D carbon materials so that it covers a lot of the needs of researchers for synthetic aspects in graphene and allied fields of interest. Currently, such unique experiments are noted as milestones in the field of material synthesis for various applications. So, a review of chemically altered graphene materials reinforced with structural multi-functionalities is highly informative as a ready reckoner for needed information and understanding.
Graphene-based Nanocomposite Catalysts: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
Page: 208-262 (55)
Author: Pradeep Kumar Jaiswal*, Munsaf Ali, Siddharth Sharma, Dinesh Kumar Yadav and Nitinkumar Satyadev Upadhyay
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050899123010010
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
In recent years, the progress of doped carbon catalysts (such as graphene-based nanocomposites), has attracted the tremendous attention of the scientific
community because of their broad area of applications involving unique mechanical,
electrical and industrial chemical production processes. The catalytic nature of metaldoped graphene-based nanocomposites has significantly improved, and provides
alternatives to traditional transition metal-based catalysts. In addition, the progress of
simple and easy synthetic approaches for graphene-based nanocomposites provides a
wide range of opportunities for the synthesis of graphene-based nanocomposites via
incorporating various metal or polymer-based nanomaterials for diverse applications.
In this context, the recent development in the synthesis of graphene-based
nanocomposites, their properties and applications are summarized in this chapter. The
future insights and challenges towards the design and utilization of graphene-based
nanocomposites with decent stability and enhanced catalytic performance are also
outlined in this chapter.
Graphene Supported Palladium Nanocatalyst for Cross-Coupling Reactions
Page: 263-296 (34)
Author: Mukesh Kumar, Meenakshi Singh Solanki and Siddharth Sharma*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050899123010011
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
The catalytic potential of graphene oxide (GO) and graphite oxide has been
well explored in recent years. The reactivity of metal-supported graphite oxide as a
solid-phase heterogeneous catalyst has started to be an exceptionally powerful tool for
the construction of C-C bonds in synthetic organic chemistry. Among them, palladium
has been widely used in different catalysts for a variety of cross-coupling reactions
such as Mizoroki-Heck, Suzuki-Miyaura, Kumada, Stille, Negishi, Hiyama, and
Buchwald-Hartwig, etc., because of its high catalytic activity and the rapid installation
of a complex molecular structure with selectivity in comparison to other transition
metal catalysts. A description of recent advances in graphene-supported palladium
nanocatalysts for cross-coupling reactions is presented in this chapter. Catalyst
synthesis and mechanistic aspects are also given, followed by comparisons with
traditional methods.
Domino and Multicomponent Reactions by Graphene-Based Carbocatalysts – A Boon for Organic Transformations
Page: 297-336 (40)
Author: S. Haripriya, K.M. Sreeranjan, Sagar Ulkesh Patil, G.S. Sahoo Navneet, H.S. Sushma, S. Ahallya, Rakesh R Panicker, Ivaturi Sai Vighnesh, Rajagopal Desikan, Vepa Jagannadha Rao and Akella Sivaramakrishna*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050899123010012
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
The research on the development of high-performance metal-free
carbocatalysis is one of the emerging areas in chemical sciences. The possible active
sites of the surfaces of graphene, oxygenated, and reduced graphene oxide materials are
responsible for diversified synthetic transformations, including redox reactions. At
present, the advanced research is focused on scalable, sustainable, biocompatible,
green, and cost-effective graphene-based carbocatalysts as wonderful alternatives over
the noble metallic catalytic materials which are being employed despite their scarcity,
high cost, and relative toxicity. The present chapter describes the utility of graphene-based carbocatalysts in multicomponent reactions.
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions Catalyzed by Graphene Based Catalysts
Page: 337-377 (41)
Author: Chetna Ameta*, Priyanka Chundawat, Yogeshwari Vyas, Reema Agarwal and Dharmendra Dharmendra
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050899123010013
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Graphene has several features, such as charge mobility, high conductivity, and a large specific surface area with a two-dimensional structure. It also has exceptional electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Graphene has exceptional mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, which are responsible for the development of efficient graphene-based catalysts for selective organic synthesis. This chapter recapitulates the various applications of graphene-based catalysts in oxidation and reduction reactions. It gives a complete overview of graphene, reduced graphene oxide, functionalized graphene oxide, N-doped graphene oxide, and their catalytic applications in various oxidation and reduction reactions. The previous studies reveal that metal-free GO has many catalytic applications. Owing to its high surface area, graphene oxide has a high adsorption tendency for hydrocarbons, gases, and ions.When reacting with oxygenating functionalities, GO provides several paths for introducing and modifying various functional groups. The large potential is employed for the use of metal-free carbon catalysts to resolve the industrial problems arising from traditional catalysts. Since graphene/GO catalysts are synthesized from environmental-friendly material, their applications in green synthesis should be discovered vigorously. The graphene-based catalysts have several applications. They allow only selective, mild, and highly effective transformations and undergo the synthesis and synthesis in an easy, recyclable, regenerable, and environmentally friendly manner.
Graphene Based Biocatalysts
Page: 378-405 (28)
Author: Monika Jangid, Sunita Panchawat and Abhilasha Jain*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050899123010014
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Enzymes have catalytic properties and can be used for different purposes as
biocatalysts in some industrial processes. However, their applications are limited due to
some drawbacks, such as lack of long-term stability and recovery under conditions of
any particular process. Enzymes can improve their catalytic activity, stability,
reusability, and half life, if these are immobilized on some support. Graphene and
graphene based nanomaterials are good supports for enzymes as they are also non-toxic
materials in nature. Such materials can also find applications in the fields of medical
diagnostics, biofuel cells, biosensors, etc. These particular aspects have been discussed
in this chapter.
Introduction
This book informs readers about recent advances in graphene carbocatalysis encapsulating the current developments in the syntheses, properties, characterizations, functionalization and catalytic applications of graphene, its derivatives and composites. It serves as a comprehensive primary reference book for chemistry and engineering students who are required to learn about graphene chemistry in detail. It also serves as an introductory reference for industry professionals and researchers who are interested in graphene research as well as its emerging applications in catalysis and beyond. Volume 1 provides an introduction to catalysis and the chemistry of graphene. This is followed by chapters that cover the chemistry of graphene compounds. Next, it covers the functionalization of graphene into catalytic materials and its role in the synthesis of nanocomposites. Finally, the book delves into the complex aspects of graphene carbocatalysis: recent advances in graphene supported palladium catalysts for coupling reactions, applications of graphene-based catalysts in multicomponent, domino reactions, oxidation and reduction reactions, and recent trends in biocatalytic properties of graphene-based composites are all discussed in detail.