Electrochemical Biosensors in Practice: Materials and Methods

The book starts with the definition of biosensors and their classifications upon transduction, which is divided into five systems: Electrochemical, Optical, Thermal, Mass-bass, and Energy and bioreceptor components, which are divided into six types, including Enzymes, antibodies, Nucleic Acids, Aptamers, Cells, and Microbial. Afterward, it continues with electrochemical biosensor fundamental descriptions and then introduces all the electrochemical types like Voltammetric, Potentiometric, and Impedimetric. Finally, Chapter 1 concludes with a short discussion of the electrochemical biosensor market. This talk will focus on biological sectors, food production, and environmental protection and will finish with a look at the newly revealed numbers.

Designing a biosensor is a complex engineering process requiring careful consideration. This chapter takes a brief look at the design-to-fabrication process of electrochemical biosensors and the evaluation of their performance. This review helps us to build a roadmap for designing reliable and valuable biosensors for various applications. The design roadmap consists of ten steps. The first section discusses the importance of these steps, then some of them will be discussed in detail. This chapter helps researchers to study the field of biosensors in a systematic and practical manner.

The fourth chapter focuses on essential materials for biosensing platform research, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, conductive polymer, and other advanced materials. This chapter describes the function of each biosensing platform and the most recent advances in the synthesis and application of advanced materials. After three sections on the subject's fundamentals, this and the following two chapters present experimental and research-relevant material. For this purpose, carbon-based materials will be examined first, including the following categories: fluorines, carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds of carbons, carbon nanohorns, carbon dots, and carbon nanofibers. This section examines the research on these materials and the types of conductive polymers utilized in electrochemical biosensors. Several polymers and their functional techniques, including MNPPFs, MIP/SIPs, and dendrimers, are examined in the following sections. The nanoparticles, such as Au, Pt, Ag, Pd, Ni, Cu, Fe2O3, TiO2, ZnO, zeolites and other aluminosilicates, inorganic quantum dots, doped inorganic NMs, nanowires, Carbon black, and calixarenes, are then investigated. Then, biological materials are examined, including enzymatic nanocomposites, nucleic acid nanocomposites, immunoassay-based nanocomposites, aptamers, and biopolymeric nanocomposites. Finally, sandwich- or composite-based biosensor materials are discussed.

Due to the diversity of engineering disciplines involved in electrochemical biosensor studies, it is essential to be familiar with some topics, including experimental design, electrochemical laboratory tools, primary biology literature, and biological elements, to understand this area perfectly. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a quick review of these topics. In the section on the design of experiments (DOE), we discuss the principles of DOE, different approaches, guidelines for designing, and the DOE process. This section helps researchers to conduct studies systematically. After that, electrochemical instrumentation will be discussed. Potentio stat structure and function, elements of electrochemical cells, and experiments with two, three, and four electrodes are the topics that will be addressed. The final section of this chapter will introduce some basic biological concepts and elements. 

In Chapter 5, we want to focus on biosensors application in different fields and Focus on various newest research related to electrochemical biosensors in the fields of medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food quality. In the medical diagnosis section,, the research done on HIV-1 is examined. Then hepatitis B, hepatitis A, Ebola, Zika, murine norovirus, influenza A, dengue serotype 2, adenovirus, enterovirus 71, Epstein-Barr virus, the apple steam pitting virus, papillomavirus, and phinovirus, are examined, respectively. In addition, in the monitoring environment section, research conducted on heavy water and pesticides is reviewed. In the food quality analysis section, research conducted on food toxicity and Antibiotic residues are reviewed.