Preface
Page: iii-iii (1)
Author: Satyawan Damle, Ritesh Kalaskar and Dhanashree Sakhare
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010003
Acknowledgements
Page: iv-v (2)
Author: Satyawan Damle, Ritesh Kalaskar and Dhanashree Sakhare
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010004
Swellings of Orofacial Structures in Children
Page: 1-34 (34)
Author: Jay Gopal Ray* and Priyanka Bhaje
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010006
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Orofacial swelling is clinically a common problem found in pediatric dental
patients. The causes of these swellings are mostly diverse, and the knowledge about
specific clinical as well as imaging manifestations along with the most affected sites of
these swelling is needed for the formulation of a differential diagnosis. Mid-facial nonprogressive swelling is usually suggestive of a congenital defect (like a cephalocele,
nasal glioma, epidermoid cyst or nasal dermoid). Swelling that is slowly progressive,
may be indicative of a neurofibroma, hemangioma, vascular malformation, lymph
angioma, pseudocyst or fibrous dysplasia. In cases of facial swellings that are rapidly
progressive and associated with cranial nerve deficits, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing
sarcoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, metastatic neuroblastoma and osteogenic
sarcoma should also be included in the differential diagnosis.
Oral Examination and Diagnostic Aids in Pediatric Dentistry
Page: 35-56 (22)
Author: Ashita Kalaskar* and S. Jayachandran
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010007
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
The oral examination of the pediatric patients involves detailed evaluation
and assessment along with comprehensive history taking. The pediatric history
involves prenatal history, birth history, past medical history, past dental history, and
family history. The examination part includes a general examination, extra oral
examination and intra oral examination. The pediatric examination specifically
includes dental caries, eruption pattern, shedding pattern, type of dentition, occlusion,
supernumerary teeth, missing teeth etc. Various new diagnostic modalities have been
introduced in the pediatric oral examination for both the hard tissues and soft tissues.
Early diagnosis is mandated for precise treatment and proper prognosis for any disease
which can be achieved by thorough examination through conventional and modern
diagnostic techniques.
Dental Radiology in Pediatric Dentistry
Page: 57-83 (27)
Author: Jayachandran Sadaksharam* and Ashita Kalaskar
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010008
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Dental radiology occupies a pivotal role in pediatric dentistry and acts as an
aid in the diagnosis of oral health and disease states. It is used in conjunction with
clinical examination for the final diagnosis. It includes the intraoral radiograph, extra-oral radiograph, and specialized radiographs like Cone Beam Computed Tomography
(CBCT), computed tomography (CT) etc. The Intra Oral Periapical Radiograph (IOPA)
and orthopantomogram (OPG) are commonly used in the dental setting owing to the
low exposure and broad coverage of the areas. Radiation protection includes many
entities, which must be provided for both the patient and the accompanying person. The
radiographic requirements differ for neonates, children, and adolescents. This chapter
emphasizes the importance of dental radiology in pediatric dentistry and the various
aspects of radiology from the perspective of the pediatric population
Cephalometrics in Pediatric Dentistry
Page: 84-106 (23)
Author: N.B. Nagaveni*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010009
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Cephalometrics, introduced by BROADBENT in the year 1931, plays a
crucial role in Pedodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics. It has made it easier and
economical to predict the post-orthodontic results of the patient using this as a tool.
This chapter outlines the basics of cephalometrics, including the indications,
limitations, etc., with special emphasis on its role in Pediatric Dentistry. It lays down
the recent guidelines given by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry for using
cephalometrics in children. It provides details regarding various tools, equipment
required, and methodology of tracing as well as analysing the cephalometric
radiographs. It also enlists the skeletal and dental landmarks and planes needed for the
analysis. Details regarding Down’s, Steiner’s, Tweed’s, and Wit’s analyses have been
explained in this chapter.
With the new era of digitalization, this chapter also highlights the recent advances
made in Cephalometrics, providing information about the different computer-based
programs and smartphone applications available for efficient landmark identification
and analysis. The fundamental essence of the chapter is to help both undergraduate and
even post-graduate pediatric students to have the basic knowledge and information
about Cephalometrics, including its advancements made.
Infection Control in Pediatric Dentistry
Page: 107-134 (28)
Author: Prachi Goyal* and Dhanashree Sakhare
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010010
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Centres for disease control and prevention (CDC) has developed a
framework for healthcare personnel and healthcare systems for the delivery of nonemergent care. Infection control is important in dentistry because patient saliva may be
contaminated with oral commensal and opportunistic pathogens. In addition, it can
harbour specific pathogens during infection as well as during the carrier state, including
SARS-CoV-2. Due to the nature of the dental procedures, exposure to the blood and
saliva aerosols is unavoidable. Direct contact with fluid-contaminated environmental
surfaces, instruments and equipment is also a potential source of pathogen
transmission. In a dental practice, the dentist, dental assistant, instrument processing
and administration staff, as well as the patients, are at risk of transmission of infections.
Dental laboratory staff members are also at risk due to the cross-contamination
between the clinic and the laboratory. In addition, it can be extended to their families if
the infection control measures are not taken correctly. Therefore, historically step by
step infection control measures have been recommended by the CDC and countries
across the globe have drawn up individual country-specific guidelines.
Isolation Techniques in Pediatric Dentistry
Page: 135-153 (19)
Author: Dhanashree Sakhare and Prachi Goyal*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010011
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Isolation of the operating field is a fundamental aspect of pediatric dentistry.
The complexity of the oral environment presents many obstacles to performing dental
treatment procedures. To minimize them, proper isolation is required to control the
operating field as well as provide safe and quality treatment [1]. A rubber dam is
considered the optimum isolation technique due to several advantages, such as
providing an aseptic environment, minimizing the potential risk of transferring
infective microbes between the operator and the patient, and preventing any ingestion
or aspiration of dental instruments during a dental procedure [2]. Children may feel that
the treatment takes place outside of their mouth. Nevertheless, children indeed tolerate
longer treatments once the rubber dam has been applied. Other techniques such as
cotton rolls and saliva ejectors are routinely used in paediatric dentistry besides rubber
dams due to their ease of usage.
Space Management
Page: 154-193 (40)
Author: M.H. Raghunath Reddy*, H. Sharath Chandra and Clins Thankachan
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010012
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Deciduous teeth play a significant role in the normal development of
occlusion, as a guide for the eruption of permanent successors. Early loss of deciduous
teeth in the primary and mixed dentition stage alters the integrity of dental arches and is
one of the main causes of malocclusion in permanent dentition. Management of space
created by early loss of the deciduous tooth is important to prevent or intercept
malocclusion, either by eliminating the need for orthodontic correction in future or to
reduce the complexity of correction in permanent dentition. Hence, the role of
paediatric dentistry is immense in space management as a part of managing developing
dentition and occlusion in comprehensive oral health care of children.
Oral Habits and its Prevention in Children
Page: 194-225 (32)
Author: Dhanashree Sakhare*, H. Sharath Chandra and M.H Raghunath Reddy
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010013
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
A habit is a repetitive action that is being done automatically and is resistant
to change. In the infantile period, certain repetitive behaviours are common, the
majority of them begin and stop spontaneously. If oral habits persist beyond a
particular developmental age, it results in unfavourable outcomes for the developing
teeth, occlusion and surrounding orofacial tissues. Oral habits are considered one of the
main causes of malocclusion, leading to unfavourable growth and development of
dentoalveolar, which starts in the early childhood and mixed dentition stage. The
severity of malocclusion depends on the frequency, duration, and intensity of the habit.
Early detection and interception of the habit should be done by parent/child habit
awareness and counselling, elimination, etiology, behaviour modifications and
correction of malocclusion.
Interceptive Orthodontics and Myofunctional Therapy in Pediatric Dentistry
Page: 226-263 (38)
Author: H. Sharath Chandra*, S.H. Krishnamoorthy and Dhanashree Sakhare
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010014
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Guidance of eruption and development of primary, mixed, and permanent
dentition has a pivotal role in comprehensive oral healthcare in paediatric dentistry,
which helps to achieve more stable, functionally, and aesthetically acceptable
permanent dentition. Interceptive orthodontics includes procedures carried out in mixed
dentition, and it takes advantage of the growth pattern and development during this
phase. Early diagnosis and treatment of certain malocclusions will eliminate or reduce
the severity of developing malocclusion, which would lessen the complexity of
orthodontic treatment in the future, overall time, and cost. It also improves the child’s
self-esteem, confidence, and parental satisfaction. Overall clinical examination,
radiographic evaluation, and study model analysis with thorough knowledge of growth
and development help in diagnosing and carrying out appropriate interceptive
treatments necessary.
Gingival and Periodontal Diseases in Children
Page: 264-300 (37)
Author: Vinaya Kumar Kulkarni*, Mala Dixit, Shruti Balasubramanian and Abdulkadeer Jetpurwala
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010015
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Pediatric population experiences a wide array of gingival and periodontal
diseases. Studies have shown that gingivitis is almost universally prevalent among
pediatric patients. However, lesser attention is given to periodontitis in children owing
to the shorter life span of primary dentition. Periodontal assessment must be
incorporated into the routine oral examination of the child since prompt diagnosis plays
a crucial role in successfully managing periodontal conditions. Severe periodontal
disease may also occur among children with concomitant systemic conditions.
Therefore, the presence of a destructive periodontal condition may serve as an early
indicator of an underlying systemic condition, and the dentist may be the first to notice
such a condition. Hence, a thorough medical evaluation should be performed for
children exhibiting severe periodontitis, especially for cases that appear resistant to
therapy, to determine the systemic causes of the condition. Although at present, there is
increased awareness regarding periodontal health and treatment modalities, it is
restricted to adults with a negligible focus on children. Intraoral assessment of children
is cecentredroundan examination of hard tissues with minimal focus on the health of
soft tissue. Hence, this chapter enlightens various gingival and periodontal conditions
and the importance of overall health during childhood.
Maintenance of Oral Hygiene in Infants & Children
Page: 301-316 (16)
Author: Mousumi Goswami* and Sakshi Chawla
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010016
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Infant oral care is the foundation on which motivation and education for oral
hygiene and various preventive dental care must be relied upon to augment the
possibility of a life free of preventable dental ailments. Dental assessments and
evaluations for children during their first year of life have been recommended by
various organizations such as the American Academy of Paediatric Dentistry and the
American Association of Paediatrics. A comprehensive infant oral health care program
may include risk assessments at regular dental visits. Preventive approaches include
topical fluoride application, sealants, parental education on the correct methods to clean
the infant’s mouth and establishing a dental home. Infant oral health is an integral part
of the general well-being of an infant as they grow. It encompasses the care of the oral
cavity and monitoring of the teeth’ development. Unfortunately, many expecting mothers,
parents and caregivers of infants often do not receive timely and accurate education
about preventive oral and dental health care. This chapter discusses the importance of
infant oral health care and its clinical implications. The transition required to maintain
oral health as an infant progress to early childhood is highlighted. Appropriate use of
topical and systemic fluoride providing timely and appropriate oral hygiene
instructions is encouraged and discussed.
Dental Materials Used in Pediatric Dentistry
Page: 317-352 (36)
Author: Vidya Iyer* and M. Vijay
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010017
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
The chapter describes various dental materials commonly used in Pediatric
dental practice. Making an informed choice of the restorative material to be used in
different clinical conditions is essential to ensure a successful and satisfactory
restorative outcome. Knowledge of dental materials with their unique set of advantages
and applications is an important determinant in the formulation of a treatment plan.
Dental materials used for pulp therapies and full coverage restorations in primary teeth
are exhaustive in their scope and as such, have been dealt with in depth in separate
chapters.
Minimal Intervention Dentistry
Page: 353-370 (18)
Author: Arthur M. Kemoli*, Vidya Iyer and Sheeba Saini
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010018
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Minimally invasive treatment of dental caries is an approach that uses
conservative management strategies focusing on maximum preservation of tooth
structure. Unlike the principles enumerated by GV Black, which advocated maximal
excavation of carious tooth structure, Minimal Invasive Dentistry (MID) conserves as
much tooth structure as possible and provides a conducive environment for the affected
tooth tissue to self-heal. This chapter enumerates the various modalities of Minimal
Intervention Dentistry or Minimally Invasive Dentistry (MID) and discusses
Atraumatic Restorative treatment (ART) in detail.
Molar Incisor Hypoplasia (MIH)
Page: 371-380 (10)
Author: Priyanka Bhaje*, Vidya Iyer and Abdulkadeer Jetpurwala
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010019
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Developmental defects of enamel a commonly encountered condition in
both primary and permanent teeth enamel. Ameloblasts being highly specialized cells
are highly sensitive to a host of environmental factors. As a result, a large number of
factors can cause hypomineralization. Of the various hypoplastic and
hypomineralization defects affecting the enamel, this chapter focuses on a distinct
condition of hypomineralization involving mainly the molar and incisor teeth.
Restoration of Carious Teeth in Children
Page: 381-394 (14)
Author: Vidya Iyer*, M. Vijay, Dhanashree Sakhare and Parag D. Kasar
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010020
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Restorative procedures involving primary teeth constitute a major segment
of clinical pediatric dentistry. Anatomic and histological differences between primary
and permanent dentitions necessitate modifications of cavity preparation in primary
teeth. Cavities must also be prepared keeping in mind the needs for newer restorative
materials currently in use. Meticulously adhering to the principles of cavity preparation
is essential for the longevity of restoration.
Subject Index
Page: 395-401 (7)
Author: Satyawan Damle, Ritesh Kalaskar and Dhanashree Sakhare
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080773123010021
Introduction
Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry is intended to be a text book for enhancing the knowledge and understanding of paediatric dentistry amongst undergraduate and postgraduate students. This textbook is updated with the latest information on techniques employed in paediatric dentistry. Chapters in this part cover primary paediatric dentistry, its clinical aspects, preventive dentistry, and information about the latest trends prevalent in this specialty field of dentistry. The text will equip readers with the knowledge suited to the changing environment of this vital domain. The editor of this textbook has over forty-four years of teaching experience in paediatric dentistry and is able to successfully impart a broad perspective of the subject through the book’s contents. This textbook is the amalgamation of the experience and knowledge of various subject experts that command a high international reputation. Part 2 covers orofacial swelling, pediatric space management, interceptive orthodontics and myofunctional therapy, gingival and periodontal diseases, oral hygiene, minimum intervention dentistry (MID), molar incisor hypoplasia (MIH), restorative dentistry, and oral examination and diagnostic aids used in pediatric dentistry. Key Features: - The 15, structured chapters present the latest trends in paediatric dentistry - The book content is illustrated with quality clinical images, - Chapters cover contemporary concepts of problems experienced when treating multiple dental disorders in young patients - Contributions from subject experts present distinct clinical expertise and a unique style of imparting important current knowledge to budding professionals - The book includes modern and current state-of-the-art techniques used in the clinic - Topic outlines throughout the book will greatly help readers to quickly locate and review the content. Contents of the book are very well structured and presented in a lucid manner, making it easy to understand.