Design and Characterization of Smart Supramolecular Nanomaterials and their Biohybrids
Page: 1-15 (15)
Author: Jyothy G. Vijayan*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080179123010003
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Over the past few years, much effort has been taken to explore the
applications of nanoparticle-based structures in different fields such as nanomedicine,
molecular imaging, etc.. Supramolecular analytical methods have attracted researchers
due to their chemical formula, flexibility, convenience, and modularity for the
synthesis of nanoparticles. The incorporation of functional ligands on the surface of
supramolecular nanoparticles helps to improve their performance in many areas.
Fabrication of supra molecular materials with uniform size gives more advantages of
using them in different fields. Characterization techniques like positron emission
tomography imaging (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorescence studies,
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis studies help to identify the
molecular images and structure effectively. Supramolecular systems are used as an
effective technique in the nano-design of supramolecular nano-systems. They enhance
the solubility, modification of surface properties, bioconjugation of nanoparticles due
to the supramolecular recognition properties, and supramolecular materials that are
applied for the removal of targeted molecules. The designing process makes it able to
function in complex matrices. This chapter discusses the design, synthesis and
characterization of supramolecular nanostructures and their hybrids and also discusses
their application in different fields.
Biocompatible Composites and Applications
Page: 16-40 (25)
Author: Madhuri Lakhane and Megha Mahabole*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080179123010004
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
In this chapter, the low-cost, biodegradable absorbents are developed for
wastewater treatment. At first, the modification of the procured nano ZSM-5 is
executed by means of dealumination and ion exchange process to have de-laminated
(D-ZSM-5), Cu-ZSM-5 and Fe-ZSM-5. Furthermore, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are
mixed with modified zeolites with varying concentrations (20 and 80 wt%) used for the
fabrication of innovative composite films ((D-ZSM-5, Cu-ZSM-5 and Fe-ZSM-5).
FTIR, XRD, BETCO2, TGA, and SEM type of characterization techniques are used for
the analysis of composites. The prepared composite films are exploited for cationic
Rhodamine B (Rh6B) and anionic Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) dye elimination by the
activity of adsorption. The effect of contact time, initial dye concentration and pH on
the dyes’ adsorption in aqueous buffer solutions is examined. The equilibrium
adsorption data are estimated using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm
models. Langmuir isotherm is deemed to be the best-fitting model and the process
(kinetics and mechanism) follows pseudo-second-order kinetics, yielding an uppermost
adsorption capacity of 34 mg/g, and 16.55 mg/g which is comparable to plane CNF
(8.7mg/g) and (0.243mg/g) for cationic Rh6B dye and anionic RB4 dye respectively.
Maximum dye removal is observed for a higher amount of (80% ZSM-5) film. The
study reveals that ZSM-5/ CNFs films can potentially be used for the removal of
cationic and anionic dyes.
Polymer Nanocomposite Technologies Designed for Biomedical Applications
Page: 41-55 (15)
Author: Praseetha P. Nair*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080179123010005
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The combination of polymer composite technology and nanotechnology
leads to the design of polymer nanocomposites. They represent a novel alternative class
of materials to traditional composites with versatile properties which are suitable for
biomedical applications. The addition of nanofillers to polymer composites enhances
their mechanical and biological characteristics. The enhancement in various properties
depends on the polymer matrix, filler, and matrix-filler interaction. The major issue
faced in biomedical research during product development is the lack of
biocompatibility and biodegradability. The primary factor that has to be considered for
composite development is the proper choice of materials. There is a growing demand
for the design of personalized medicine with the outbreak of many chronic ailments
and genetic disorders. The properties of polymer nanocomposites can be customized
for various biomedical applications. The characteristic features of supramolecular
nanocomposites which act as smart materials with tuned properties can be exploited for
tissue engineering, responsive drug and hormone delivery, regenerative medicine,
bioimaging, ocular, dental and orthopedic applications. Many hybrid biopolymer
composites which exhibit promising biomedical applications are developed by
researchers. Their properties can be tailored for making biomedical devices also. This
chapter highlights a brief but focused overview of biomedical applications of bio-based
polymer nanocomposites, carbon-based polymer nanocomposites, metal-organic
framework/polymer nanocomposites, shape memory polymer nanocomposites,
hydrogels, self-healing polymer nanocomposites and stimuli responsive polymer
nanocomposites.
Novel Polymer Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Designing and Cost-effective Biomedical Applications
Page: 56-72 (17)
Author: A. P. Meera*, Reshma R. Pillai and P. B. Sreelekshmi
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080179123010006
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The design of materials for various biomedical applications is truly
challenging since it demands exceptional characteristics such as biocompatibility,
biodegradability, non-cytotoxicity, adequate strength, etc. Several strategies have been
developed for the synthesis of nanoparticles based on chemical methods. However, the
toxicity limits their applications in biological systems. So researchers are looking for
materials that can fulfill green criteria in the sense that they should be renewable,
harmless to human health, and environment friendly. Recently, the evolution of
nanomedicine led to explore the possibilities of different types of nanomaterials in
various applications. Nanoscale polymeric materials and polymer nanocomposites have
already proved their versatility in various biomedical applications. This chapter
presents a brief overview of the potential of biobased nanomaterials and nanofillers
such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, hydroxyapatite, nanotubes, graphene,
chitin whiskers, lignin, nano cellulose, etc. and their pros and cons when used in the
biomedical field. Bio-based polymers are promising candidates for the next generation
nanocomposite materials due to their multi-functionality, renewability, low toxicity and
excellent biocompatibility. The chapter begins with the state of the art including the
recent developments in the biomedical field and finally, the challenges and future
potential of various nanoparticles and polymer nanocomposites are also discussed.
An Emerging Avenue of Nanomaterials Manufacturing and Prospectives
Page: 73-105 (33)
Author: Binita Dutta*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080179123010007
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a perfect blend of science, engineering, and technology conducted on a nano-scale. Few nanomaterials can occur naturally, however, in recent times, we are interested in engineered nanomaterials which can be manufactured according to their applicability in a lot of commercial products and processes. For the synthesis of new nanomaterials, scientists mostly opt the bottom-up methods which are capable of offering various kinds of self-assembly of nanoscale species. Parallelly, topdown methods are also being investigated to yield desired nanomaterials and nanopatterns through state-of-art modern techniques like lithographic ablation and chemical etching. In this chapter, after providing an introduction to nanotechnology and nanomaterials, the various methods of nanomaterial synthesis were discussed. Nanotechnology is now being explored vastly to reach the next generation phase of many technologies and industrial sectors. Contributions of nanomaterials to some of such emerging technologies, like the food industry, agricultural science, medicinal science, and the power sector have been briefly overviewed. The rapidly developing sectors involving ultrafine nanoparticles introduced mankind to their hazardous side too. To avoid nanotoxicity, the awareness and related risk management approach are also a matter of utmost importance.
Current Research Trends of Graphene Nanotechnology
Page: 106-123 (105)
Author: Monika Trivedi* and Vasundhara Magroliya
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080179123010008
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
This revolutionary carbon nanomaterial has the potential to be used in a
wide range of applications. Graphene was discovered to be the first two-dimensional
crystalline carbon nanomaterial, as well as the most flexible, strongest, and toughest.
The widespread application of graphene demonstrates its huge potential in a variety of
industries, along with photovoltaic cells, electrochemical, optoelectronics, electronics,
microelectronics, intelligent gadgets, extensible supercapacitor electrodes, aerospace,
smart sensors, and analytical chemistry. The commercialization of graphene will be
vital to the future of an industrially viable method of producing and processing
graphene. Nanotechnologies based on graphene are gaining prominence in
environmental and energy applications. Graphene has exceptional physicochemical
properties, including high surface area, chemical resistance, heat capacity, mechanical
characteristics, and charge transport. It might be used in environmental remediation,
water purification, and desalination filters, as an electrocatalyst for contamination
sensing. A broad literature collection will also be provided on graphene technology,
including graphene characteristics, production processes, and uses. Graphene is the
most popular carbon-based material, with excellent unique advantages such as high
electrical conductivity, high tensile strength, high thermal conductivity, high carrier
mobility, and transparency, making it a compelling candidate for a variety of
applications such as sensors, transistors, energy storage, water purification membranes,
solar cells, and elastomers. Although development in graphene-based nanomaterials for
devices is encouraging, certain important issues such as long-term stability, toxicity,
and environmental impacts remain unresolved. In this chapter, we assess recent
advances in graphene research and applications and also attempt to predict where the
field might go in the future.
Nanomedicine Technology Trends in Pharmacology
Page: 124-141 (18)
Author: B. M. Reddy*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080179123010009
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Nanotechnology deals with materials that are 1–100 nm in size.
Nanomaterials are prepared in different ways such as physical, chemical, and biological
methods. They exhibit fascinating features that allow them to perform numerous
physiological tasks. They have higher surface area to volume ratios and show typical
nanoscale quantum confinement characteristics. They play a critical role in biomedical
research. They're quite versatile and used in a variety of medical applications. The
demand for nanomedicine drugs with improved performance and reduced toxicity has
been steadily increasing in recent years. Nanomedicine is the new area of nanoscience
and nanotechnology. Pharmaceutical nanosystems are classified, synthesized, and
characterized using procedures based on their size, shape, and functionality. This book
chapter focuses on recent trends of nanomedicine technology in pharmacology,
particularly on the application of nanomaterials in medicine. Antibacterial
characteristics, multicolor medical imaging, disease diagnostics, medication
administration, vaccines and biomolecules (peptides, proteins, and genes), therapies,
cancer treatment, tissue engineering, and clinical aspects are discussed. Advancements
in nanomedicine technology will not only aid in the early diagnosis of infectious and
viral disorders, but also in the treatment of infections such as Alzheimer's disease,
tuberculosis, and Parkinson's disease. The benefits and constraints of commercializing
nanomedicine technology products for pharmacology applications, as well as the
hazards and obstacles in developing nanomaterials for medical research are highlighted
in this chapter.
Agricultural Nanotechnologies: Future Perspectives of Bio-inspired Materials
Page: 142-162 (21)
Author: Suma Sarojini*, Shon George Shiju, Tanishka Dasgupta, Deepu Joy Parayil and Bhoomika Prakash Poornamath
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080179123010010
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Bio-inspired designs have been used by humankind in understanding and
modelling novel materials which have applications in diverse fields like disease
diagnostics, drug delivery, agriculture, energy storage, industry, etc.
Superhydrophobicity, directional adhesion, structural colour, self-cleaning,
antireflection, etc. are some of the useful attributes for which we have relied a lot on
nano level biomimetics. Bioinspired nanolevel designs have been explored in the field
of agriculture too. Such nanomaterials and nanodesigns have been used to increase crop
yields. They also find uses in fertilizer application and replacement of many harmful
chemical pesticides, which are generally overused. Increasing population, increased
longevity of people and the urgent need for sustainable environment have led to a dire
need for exploration and adaptation of such novel technologies which can help in
feeding the growing population. Nanoscale products and technologies can also help in
reducing the accumulation of excess fertilizers, pesticides, etc. in soil, which can go a
long way in cleaning up the environment. The current attempt is intended to portray the
latest developments and future possibilities of bioinspired NT in diverse fields of
agriculture like synthesis and delivery of novel pesticides and fertilizers, nanocarriers
for gene delivery, sensors to monitor and assess soil conditions, plant pathogen
detection and plant nanobionics to detect pollutants.
Recent Developments of Graphene-Based Nanotechnology towards Energy and Environment
Page: 163-180 (18)
Author: Swarna P. Mantry, Subhendu Chakroborty* and M. V. B. Unnamatla
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080179123010011
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
In recent decades, graphene nanotechnology has emerged as an escalating
field of research owing to the excellent physicochemical properties of graphene.
Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb-like structure, has
shown potential utility in multifarious sectors of science and technology such as
energy, biomedical engineering, wastewater treatment, environmental pollution, etc.
Graphene and its composites have been extensively used as electrode materials in
energy storage devices such as Lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and metal-air batteries. In
addition, graphene-based materials have emerged as potential electrodes material for
fuel cells, thereby contributing to a low-carbon economy. Graphene gave a new
dimension to electronic industries by replacing the conventionally used material i.e.,
Silicon (Si) in electronic devices. Moreover, the tunable surface area, functionalization,
hydrophilicity, and strong π- π interaction properties of graphene prove its potential
applications in medical and environmental science and technology. Recently,
graphene-based adsorbents, membranes, and catalysts provide a simple, low-cost, and
efficient water and wastewater treatment method. The materials not only detect but also
remove various pollutants from wastewater even at very low concentrations. However,
due to its extremely small size in devices and components, it is difficult to handle
graphene in real applications. Graphene nanotechnology enables the researcher to
unfold new properties and functions of graphene in the nanoscale realm providing
solutions to unresolved issues related to the health care systems, energy demand, and
environmental pollution. These materials not only enhance efficiency but also cause a
paradigm shift in many applications. This book chapter sheds light on the earlier
investigations, current progress, and future perspective of graphene-based
nanotechnology.
Subject Index
Page: 181-186 (6)
Author: Kaushik Pal and Nidhi Asthana
DOI: 10.2174/9789815080179123010012
Introduction
Bio-Inspired Nanotechnology focuses on the use of bio-inspired and biomimetic methods for the fabrication and activation of nanomaterials. It summarizes recent developments in biocompatible and biodegradable materials, including their properties, fabrication methods, synthesis protocols, and applications. This includes studies concerning the binding of the biomolecules to the surface of inorganic structures, structure/function relationships of the final materials, and unique applications of such biomimetic materials in harvesting/storage, biomedical diagnostics, and materials assembly. The book chapters also cover a range of available bio-based nanomaterials, including chitin, starch and nanocellulose. It serves as a detailed reference for learners and anyone interested in sustainable nanoscale materials, including materials scientists, biomedical engineers, environmental scientists, food and agriculture manufacturers and scientists.