Preface
Page: ii-ii (1)
Author: Biswanath Bhunia and Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049725122010002
Wastewater Types, Characteristics and Treatment Strategies
Page: 1-17 (17)
Author: Uttarini Pathak, Avishek Banerjee, Subham Kumar Das, Teetas Roy and Tamal Mandal*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049725122010004
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
One of the most important issues in recent times is the remediation of wastewater discharged from different industries. Several of the growing economies have been investing heavily to reduce the discharged waste content for economic and environmental sustainability. The wastewater when discharged into natural water bodies harms the flora and fauna of the surrounding environment, which in turn disrupts the ecosystem and affects the food chain. It also increases and possesses a variety of health risks to human beings. To eliminate the potential threats, a critical analysis of the past research and upcoming remediation technologies is necessary. Over the years, a lot of advancements have been made to curb the disruption of the natural ecology from effluent discharges by different industries like the leather industry wastewater, Rice mill wastewater, pharmaceutical industry wastewater and Coke Oven wastewater. The common characterization techniques that are employed in all of them are to measure the COD and BOD levels, pH, odor, TSS, organic and inorganic materials. Subsequently, the common technologies that are in use to treat these wastewaters are mainly physicochemical treatments like adsorption, electrocoagulation/ flocculation, nanofiltration, Fenton’s oxidation or biological treatments like aerobic/anaerobic microbial degradation. An important requirement is to understand the situation currently prevalent in wastewater treatment to develop better and advanced methods for increased efficiency and waste removal. The aim of this chapter is to give a detailed account on the composition, characterization, and treatment strategies of the discharged effluent to enhance the knowledge of available resources and instigate ideas of future improvements.
High Gravity Technology for Improving Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Processes
Page: 18-44 (27)
Author: Sudhanya Karmakar, Avijit Bhowal*, Papita Das and Abhijit Mondal
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049725122010005
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Conventional technologies such as stripping, liquid-liquid extraction,
chemical precipitation, adsorption, and the advanced oxidation process among others
have been applied for the treatment of wastewater. The imposition of stricter
regulations on discharge limits has led to a search for novel technologies to make the
conventional wastewater treatment technologies efficient and cost-effective. High
gravity technology uses centrifugal force to create artificial gravity which is hundreds
of times the terrestrial gravitational force. Equipment working in high gravity
environment intensifies the rate of mass transfer, micromixing and allows a higher
amount of fluid to flow through the devices. The usefulness of high gravity technology
for enhancing the performance of wastewater treatment processes has been discussed.
Recent Trends in Advanced Oxidation and Catalytic Processes for Removal of Heavy Metals, Dyes, and Xenobiotics
Page: 45-80 (36)
Author: Rupak Kishor*, Suneeta Kumari, Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj and Narayanasamy Selvaraju
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049725122010006
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Heavy metals, dyes and xenobiotic compounds are the primary
environmental contaminants that are accumulating at higher rates attributed to
increased industrialization and uncontrolled release without treatment. These pollutants
have also raised serious concerns about life on earth, attributed to their recalcitrance
and tenacity in the environment. The treatment strategies currently utilize chemical
methods, such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and catalytic processes,
whereas biological processes such as adsorption and accumulation are also
predominant. However, AOPs and catalytic processes are proven to be the potential
methods for heavy metals, dyes, and xenobiotic pollutant remediation in large-scale
applications. Identification and synthesis of novel molecules/ materials that can
effectively recover and remediate heavy metals, dyes and xenobiotic compounds from
wastewater remain one of the key approaches. This chapter highlights the success of
AOPs and catalytic processes in the degradation of dyes, pharmaceuticals compounds,
and heavy metal ions from different water environments and possible future prospects.
Developments in Adsorption Technologies for Removal of Heavy Metals, Dyes, and Xenobiotics
Page: 81-113 (33)
Author: Abhijit Chatterjee*, Uttara Mahapatra and Silke Schiewer
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049725122010007
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have led to widespread pollution in aquatic bodies
due to extensive dissemination of refractory contaminants such as heavy metals, dyes,
and xenobiotics. Adsorption is well recognized as a suitable technology for the removal
of these pollutants. The major objective of this book chapter is to summarize recent
advancement in this field. Accordingly, the book chapter starts with a brief introduction
explaining the potential of the technology as compared to other competitive operations,
followed by the identification of thrust areas to work on and the construction of a
“template” to evaluate the progress in the technology. Next, recent developments in the
preparation of various types of adsorbents (activated carbon-based traditional
adsorbents, zeolites and clay minerals, adsorbents of biological origin, composite
adsorbents having nanoparticles impregnated in a suitable matrix) have been
elaborated. The chapter then focuses on how different process parameters may affect
the efficiency of these adsorbents in removal of heavy metals, dyes, and xenobiotics.
Finally, a comprehensive discussion has been made about how different mathematical
models have been applied in recent times to fit experimental equilibrium and kinetic
data obtained from the batch adsorption experiments, along with a critical evaluation of
frequently used models. The chapter ends with a recommendation regarding future
trends in adsorption technology.
Bioderived and Bioconjugated Materials for Remediation of Heavy Metals and Dyes from Wastewater
Page: 114-139 (26)
Author: S.R. Joshi* and Debajit Kalita
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049725122010008
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The present review draws on a wide range of resources available on
bioderived, bioconjugated, chemisorption technologies and strategies known for
degradation of heavy metals. The prevalent escalation in application of heavy metals,
chemically synthesized dyes and xenobiotic compounds has created major
environmental disruptions. Industries, mining, vehicles, and household activities
release heavy metals and their derivatives into a multitude of water resources.
Contaminated water provides an easy ingress of these contaminants into human and
animal system resulting in exposure related disorders like mutagenesis, carcinogenesis
and other serious health issues. Minimization and management of such chemicals
demands high end technology, equipment, time, effort and cost. Thus, the less
demanding but more effective strategy would be adoption of biosorption, using whole
plant/microbial cells, components, derived and/or synthesized materials to convert
toxic compounds/metals into less toxic forms. This review documents, critically
analyses and collates heavy metals from mining, processing and industrial effluents
followed by remediation technologies based on plants and microbes. Each section in
the latter is discussed in detail with relevant examples that illustrate biosorption,
bioderived, bioconjugated, chemisorptions, and bioremediation strategies. In the final
analysis, though plant materials exhibit efficient removal strategies, particularly when
augmented by nanomaterial conjunction, the commercial scale and viability remain to
be validated
Trends in Bioremediation of Dyes from Wastewater
Page: 140-174 (35)
Author: Chandrani Debnath, Biswanath Bhunia, Bikram Basak and Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049725122010009
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Over 100 tons of dyes are released per year into the wastewaters without
prior treatment which adds to the contamination of freshwater resources globally. Thus,
the development of economical, and sustainable control measures to avoid the pollution
of natural resources remains imperative. In the present scenario, recent advancements
in biological approaches have escalated bioremediation as a potential strategy for
treatment of dyes and associated derivatives. These biological approaches utilize
simple to complex microorganisms, plants, and wastes generated from different animal
products as tools to remediate and remove dye molecules from wastewater. This
particular chapter targets to address the recent advancements in the past three to four
years in the sustainable treatment of dye molecules from wastewater using
bioremediation approaches. The study also includes the prevailing hurdles, and
research prospects in the bioremediation techniques utilized for the reduction of dyes
from wastewater.
Bottlenecks in Sustainable Treatment of Wastewaters Using Physico-Chemical Processes and Future Prospects
Page: 175-190 (16)
Author: Nibedita Mahata*, Biswanath Bhunia, Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj and Ramesh Kumar
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049725122010010
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
This chapter covers bottlenecks in various sustainable physio-chemical
processes including membrane filtration, activated carbon filtration, adsorption,
advanced oxidation processes, dissolved air floatation, coagulation-flocculation and
sedimentation, and electrocoagulation process for removing heavy metal ions, dyes,
and xenobiotics from the aquatic environment. The approach taken in this chapter is to
give a quick overview of each phase before focusing on the bottlenecks that these
processes face when it comes to removing metal ions and organic matter from
wastewater. Performance, cost, and sustainability criteria for sustainable wastewater
treatment technologies are also covered in this chapter for each process.
Sustainable Mitigation of Wastewater Issues Using Microbes: Hurdles and Future Strategies
Page: 191-214 (24)
Author: Bidhu Bhusan Makut, Mayurketan Mukherjee, Gargi Goswami and Debasish Das*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049725122010011
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Exponential growth in population associated with changing lifestyle patterns
and industrial upheaval has led to the degradation of the most valuable renewable
resource i.e. water. Contamination of water bodies of varying sizes across the world
has resulted in mass-scale deterioration of health and environmental adversaries.
Uninhibited disposal of domestic, municipal and industrial effluents onto water bodies
has severely impacted the flora and fauna, in turn affecting human health globally. If
unchecked, this would lead to an unmitigated disaster, which would be detrimental to
the very existence of humans on the planet. Wastewater remediation, therefore, is of
paramount importance to safeguard water bodies and prevent them from excessive
pollution. To that end, novel, sustainable technologies for elevated nutrient removal
from wastewater are the need of the hour. Bioremediation of wastewater is one of the
most prolific and novel approaches directed towards the efficient elimination of
contaminants coupled with their subsequent conversion into value-added products.
Over the last few decades, microbial treatment processes have gained increasing
momentum due to their ease and high efficiency compared to conventional treatment
technologies. The chapter provides a detailed overview of various biological
wastewater treatment methodologies such as bacterial, fungal, microalgal and
microalgae-bacteria consortium-mediated bioremediation.
Subject Index
Page: 215-228 (14)
Author: Biswanath Bhunia and Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049725122010012
Introduction
This book integrates knowledge about innovative technologies developed in the past decade with information about commercial-scale processes. It is written with the objective to help readers to understand the potential of achieving sustainability and high efficiency in wastewater treatment. The book presents nine chapters. Chapter 1 details the types of wastewater, its characteristics, and the major commercial-scale strategies employed to treat wastewater. Chapter 2 details the different types of physicochemical methods utilized for the remediation of heavy metals, dyes, and xenobiotics. Chapters 3 and 4 highlight innovations in the advanced oxidation process and adsorption for remediation of such complex molecules, respectively. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 highlight the recent innovations in bioremediation of xenobiotics, heavy metals, and dyes, respectively. Finally, chapters 8 and 9 discuss the latest technologies, prevailing bottlenecks, and the path ahead towards commercial viability and environmental sustainability in both physico-chemical and biological treatment processes.