Abstract
Basic knowledge and information are acquired through the language in the family, society and education, which should be based on philosophy and logical principles. In the field of medicine, a dialog can be established between the doctor and the patient for diagnosis with linguistic (verbal, oral) information exchange rather than mathematical expressions. This chapter presents rational thinking with logical principles, preferably combining the basic principles of philosophy in medicine with the treatment of uncertainty, the results of which are presented according to the usual bivalent (crisp, two-value) logic. The necessary and effective structural steps of rational use of language are presented based on verbal knowledge and uncertainties in information production. It is emphasized that innovative ideas, procedures and methods are possible through research and development activities, if the language, philosophy, and logic principles are observed for the most reasonable cases, even with approximate decisions.
Thought Principles and Science “It is not Possible to have Active Mind without Thought or Thought without Mind”
Page: 22-67 (46)
Author: Zekâi Şen
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050806122010004
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Thoughts are the triggering arrogance of rational thinking to explore possible relationships among different procedures that lead to reasonably acceptable results. To this end, in this chapter, different thinking procedures are clearly explained based on the principles of proportional inference and interpretation that lead to acceptable and ultimately useful generations of knowledge, even though they may contain an element of uncertainty at the current level of scientific knowledge. The basic questions that are valid today and will be valid in the future throughout the history of science are “How?” and “Why?” A series of suggestions are given to find answers to these questions. Especially in medical sciences, the principles of mind (brain)-heart communication are explained for the production of linguistically comfortable and acceptable information. A series of suggestions are made about ways to find answers to these questions from thinkers in different cultural civilizations, which are the basic elements of the history of science. Finally, examples from the history of science are given in detail for the development of verbal knowledge developments.
Medicine History “For Countries' Political History, for Humanity, Science History has Importance”
Page: 68-105 (38)
Author: Zekâi Şen
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050806122010005
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
The history of medicine shows that medical sciences are historically intertwined with different civilizations according to advice on linguistical forms and written books. The first medical treatments were based on superstitions that had been overturned by principles of rationality for the past 2500 years. For example, several medical treatments were based on amulets, totem symbols and tattoos, originally thought to drive away evil spirits from the sick body. The history of medicine offers visions of the evolution of medical treatments. In this chapter, all civilizations and their leading medical philosophers and recommendations are coherently explained in a harmonious manner so that the reader can understand centuries of valid and invalid disease treatment procedures and better alternatives.
Medical Terminologies “Word and Sentence Epistemology are the Key Career Expertise”
Page: 106-137 (32)
Author: Zekâi Şen
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050806122010006
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
Terminological concepts are the most important aspects of scientific research and development activities, as this book briefly provides epistemological content about the fundamentals of medicine. In scientific literature, the terminology is a combination of single or complex terms in the form of keywords that provide the first impression about an event. Medical terminology and phrases help professionals understand each other without much discussion. Information and knowledge are generally hidden in the etymological and epistemological concepts, such as words, sentences, definitions, terms, terminology and their current scientific structures. Advances in knowledge exchange and improvement processes are the results of conceptualization and terminological applications, especially as a paradigm shift in medicine. Linguistic data, which is a widely used communication tool in medical sciences, contain imprecision and ambiguity. These uncertainties can be minimized by making terminological agreements among experts.
Philosphy Principles and Types “Does philosophy? Metaphysics? Or both? Constitute the Scientific Bases of Development?
Page: 138-159 (22)
Author: Zekâi Şen
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050806122010007
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
In this chapter, cases of free and unlimited thinking on philosophical grounds are explained more, and there is a close connection between philosophy and medicine. In addition, the philosophy of medicine and the ways of understanding the concepts of philosophy are explained with an emphasis on its possible relationship with medicine, especially bioethics. There are always unknowns about the disease and health, and it has been explained that no matter how much the philosophical principles try to come up with approximate rational solutions, they always remain in uncertainty, albeit marginally. It is stated that the philosophy of medicine is a branch of philosophy that explores issues in theory, research and practice in the field of health sciences. Before any explanation, from the very beginning, the etymological and epistemological features of “philosophy” and “science” help the reader to grasp the contents of this book. A set of recommendations are given in the form of systematic information to a thinker to provide dynamism towards more productive and generative directions.
Philosophy in Medicine “Verbal Expressions in Medicine can Develop through Innovative Ideas Generation by the Philosophy”
Page: 160-176 (17)
Author: Zekâi Şen
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050806122010008
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
This chapter aims to provide a physician with the foundation and principles of philosophy in medicine for freer and independent thinking. In previous chapters, a sub-branch of the philosophy of medicine related to epistemological concepts and metaphysical implications was highlighted, including ethical and even moral principles. The philosophy of medicine is a blend of medical education and training with philosophical aspects to achieve improvements and innovative findings for public health services. The philosophy of medicine includes the contra-active interactions of diseases, health and the search for effective reciprocity. By asking questions about how medical and health professionals know what to do, and detailed information is given in terms of practical medical wisdom. How should they make the right and wise decisions in morally complex and uncertain situations? And what is the patient’s role in this decision-making process? In medical practice and research, it is recommended to start problem-solving with philosophical thinking and then logical evaluations in order to reveal a better diagnosis, treatment and healing qualities for patient care.
Logic Principles and Rules “In the Philosophy Field Logic Produces Rational Ideas that Lead to Beneficial Consequences”
Page: 177-203 (27)
Author: Zekâi Şen
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050806122010009
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
The main information in this chapter is about logic, which helps to reach more rational and productive thoughts and ideas about an event involving medical sciences. In general, after the philosophical thinking principles, the logical rules lead to inferences that are more rational, and therefore, knowledge becomes more applicable. Logical words and propositions are explained on bivalent (crisp) and fuzzy logical rule-based expressions. Logic plays a very crucial role in the medical sciences, based on sound reasoning. Mathematics based on binary logical principles is useful in science, but fuzzy logic principles and rules play a central role with extreme predominance in medical science because communication between doctor and patient takes place linguistically before laboratory analysis for some numerical data.
Fuzzy Logic Interferences in Medicine ”Medical Verbal Diagnosis and Treatment Methods are Fuzzy”
Page: 204-236 (33)
Author: Zekâi Şen
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050806122010010
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
This chapter presents the principles of uncertainty, imprecision, vagueness, incomplete and random data types, treatments and diagnostics principles in medicine. For example, a disease can manifest quite differently from a patient, doctor and social perspective. It is stated that knowledge-based medical treatment decision support systems will develop further with fuzzy logic evaluation due to uncertainty involvement. This chapter offers a series of recommendations on aspects of uncertainty in the medical sciences. The comparison of fuzzy and bivalent (crisp) logic and the fuzzy logic preference in medicine are explained with evidence. Fuzzy logic inference modeling with medical vague words is presented on a sample with four inputs (temperature, blood pressure, urine quality and heart rate), for diagnosing disease as an output estimate. Finally, the use of fuzzy logic in medicine is explained by a set of diseases classifications.
Numerical and Graphical Diagnosis “Numbers Help to Construct Graphics for Better Understanding”
Page: 237-259 (23)
Author: Zekâi Şen
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050806122010011
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
The main concern of this chapter is to explain the use of probabilistic and statistical numerical dataset analysis in medical sciences, leading to computer graphics, tabular classifications and representations. These treatment procedures support medical professionals to advance their linguistic knowledge of a disease with numerical and visual results. Fuzzy and bivalent logic comparisons are presented for pulse rate, heart rate, and blood pressure based on age-related tables, which are used to elicit graphical and mathematical equivalents. Probabilistic and statistical assessment methods are explained in detail with some numerical data. In such quantitative assessments and methodological applications, the importance of assumptions is recommended as a significant warning and necessary guidance. The most frequently used regression methodology to determine relationships between two or more medical variables is explained with mathematical and graphical representations. Finally, the relationship between medicine and mathematics is explained.
Medicine and Engineering “Engineering is Supportive to Medical Instruments and Software”
Page: 260-296 (37)
Author: Zekâi Şen
DOI: 10.2174/9789815050806122010012
PDF Price: $30
Abstract
The main theme of this chapter is to supplement medical examinations with biomedical means, which is only possible with mutual collaboration between doctors and engineers. The principles of science and technology-based tools are explained by engineering design concepts and software possibilities, which are supportive aids for medical diagnosis. Various sections of this chapter provide a linguistic explanation of the engineering related medical issues followed by a logical explanation of mathematical expression derivations through various models based on a set of assumptions. In the explanations, bivalent and fuzzy logic principles are used according to the problem at hand. Population growth, food sharing, injection, diabetics, dialysis, epidemics, sensitive hearing intake, blood circulation, etc. problems are modeled using a set of convenient mathematical methodologies. Human engineering concepts are discussed from the medical point of view. Finally, a set of recommendations are given for possible future directions to arrive at better innovation.
Introduction
Scientific Philosophy and Principles in Medicine is an accessible treatise on the philosophy that guides medical practice. It lays the foundation of a multidisciplinary framework behind the development of the medical profession. The book presents 10 chapters that cover issues that are frequently encountered by medical professionals in their career: philosophical and linguistic principles of rational thought, scientific, crisp and fuzzy logic, diagnostic aspects, the history of medicine, epistemological concepts, approximate reasoning, principles of medical wisdom, numerical and graphical diagnostics, and the collaboration of researchers involved in the fields of engineering and medicine. The author of the book brings several years of teaching experience and medical practice into this reference with the goal of integrating principles of scientific philosophy and logic into medical education. Readers will understand the process of devising rational diagnostic and treatment approaches that support human health as a generative process that seeks to solve problems through creativity, rather than a classical process of following medical protocols. This book is intended as a basic reference for medical students, teachers, and general readers interested in the application of logic, philosophy and scientific principles in medicine.