Preface
Page: ii-ii (1)
Author: Mohamed E. Abd El Hack and Mahmoud Alagawany
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010002
Hazards of Using Antibiotic Growth Promoters in the Poultry Industry
Page: 1-18 (18)
Author: Mahmoud Alagawany*, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack*, Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad S. Khan*, Asghar A. Kamboh, Faisal Siddique, Ali Raza, Mayada R. Farag and Samir Mahgoub
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010004
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The poultry industry is one of the significant hubs of the livestock industry and the world's largest food industry. In the last 50 years, it has become common to observe poultry antibiotic feeding to treat disease and growth. Antibiotics inhibit the growth of toxic and beneficial microorganisms. They are used as growth promoters when given in adjunctive therapy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that fifty million pounds of antibiotics will be produced each year in the USA. Forty percent of the total antibiotics produced will be used in agriculture. 11 million pounds are used for the poultry sector and 24 million for domestic and wild animals. Ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, tylosin, tetracycline, virginiamycin, tilmicos, nitrofuran and sulfamids are used as growth promoters in the poultry industry globally. Antibacterial residues are found in various parts of poultry birds, e.g., kidney, heart, gizzard, liver, chest, thigh muscles, albumin and egg yolk. These residues may directly or indirectly produce many health concerns in human beings, such as toxic effects in the liver, brain, bone marrow, kidney, allergic reaction, mutagenicity, reproductive abnormalities and gastrointestinal tract leading to indigestion. In addition, resistant strains of pathogenic microbes pose an indirect threat to antibacterial residues that can spread to humans and contaminate residual fertilizers used as plant fertilizers. This chapter describes the benefits and contraindications of antibiotics used as growth promoters and the toxic effects of antimicrobial residues in poultry and humans.
Herb and Plant-derived Supplements in Poultry Nutrition
Page: 19-32 (14)
Author: Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad S. Khan*, Rizwana Sultan, Amjad I. Aqib, Muhammad A. Naseer, Iqra Muzammil, Mayada R. Farag, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack*, Alessandro Di Cerbo and Mahmoud Alagawany*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010005
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Modern poultry industry faces the everlasting challenge of the growing demand for high-quality, low-priced food without compromising general hygiene, health, and welfare standards. To exploit optimal growth potential, antibioticsupplemented feeds were implemented in the past decades. But later on, alternative strategies to trigger the productive characteristics of birds were proposed, including the use of phytochemicals. Phytobiotics are herbs and their derivatives, endowed with many beneficial effects. Herbs and their products enhance feed intake by mitigating intestinal damage, strengthening intestinal integrity, compensating nutritional needs for local and general immune response, reducing the concentration of pathogenic microflora, and preventing local inflammatory response. This form of feed manipulation recently gained interest in the poultry sector due to the lack of side effects, immune system modulation boosting, and stress tolerance. On the other hand, several types of research highlighted the potentially harmful effects of some herbs and their metabolites. This raised concerns among consumers about their safety and implications as feed supplements or medicines. This chapter will provide insights into phytobiotics, their role in immunity and growth, and the possible risks of herbal supplemented feeds in the poultry sector.
Ginger as a Natural Feed Supplement in Poultry Diets
Page: 33-51 (19)
Author: Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack*, Ayman A. Swelum, Youssef A. Attia, Mohamed Abdo, Ahmed I. Abo-Ahmed, Mahmoud A. Emam and Mahmoud Alagawany
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010006
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Poultry ventures have progressed quickly over the last three decades.
Therefore, curative or growth-promoting antibacterial agents have been utilized
extensively. Because of increasing bacterial resistance towards antibiotics and,
consequently, accumulation of antibacterial residues in chicken products and increased
consumer’s demand for products without antibacterial residues, alternative solutions
that could substitute antibiotics without affecting productivity or product quality should
be attempted. Recently, natural replacements such as ginger, etheric oils, organic acids,
garlic prebiotics, immune stimulants and plant extracts were used to improve
productiveness, and body performance, prevent pathogenic microorganisms, and
reduce antibacterial activity usage in poultry manufacturing. The utilization of a single
alternative or a combination of variable replacements and perfect surveillance and flock
health might improve the profits and sustain the productivity of poultry. This chapter
aimed at summarizing the recent knowledge and information regarding the utilization of ginger and its derivatives as natural alternatives or supplements in poultry feed and
their impacts on poultry productivity, meat and egg traits in addition to economic
efficacy.
Use of Cinnamon and its Derivatives in Poultry Nutrition
Page: 52-65 (14)
Author: Rana M. Bilal, Faiz ul Hassan, Majed Rafeeq, Mayada R. Farag, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack*, Mahmoud Madkour and Mahmoud Alagawany*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010007
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The recent trend toward banning the use of antibiotics in poultry feed as a
growth promoter directs the scientific community to look for natural alternatives with
potential growth-promoting and immunomodulating properties. Phytogenic feed
additives have attracted significant attention as alternatives to antibiotics to improve
growth performance and enhance immune responses. They have anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal properties, depending on their chemical structure
and composition. Scientists are using these non-conventional ingredients as feed
additives in the form of oil or powder. Essential oils (EO) are volatile liquids produced
from aromatic plants. Their application has gained momentum in controlling
cholesterol as free radical scavengers, anti-microbials, antifungals, and stimulants of
digestive enzymes. EO's possible antimicrobial features against harmful pathogens are
primarily associated with the high content of volatile components in oils. The current
chapter highlights the beneficial impact of cinnamon oil as a feed additive on poultry
growth performance, meat quality, carcass traits, and its hypo-cholesterolaemic impact,
antioxidant act, microbiological aspects, and immunomodulatory effects.
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and its Derivatives in Poultry Feed
Page: 66-79 (14)
Author: Mahmoud Alagawany*, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack*, Muhammad Saeed, Shaaban S. Elnesr and Mayada R. Farag
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010008
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Production of safe and healthy poultry diets of high profitability is the
central aim of poultry men. This safety is achieved by using natural products as growth
stimulants. Natural feed additives such as medicinal products derived from herbs and
spices are mainly used in the poultry feed industry as appetite and enzyme secretion
stimulants. The use of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and its derivatives has lately
received much greater attention as an alternative to traditional antibiotics. The clove
exhibited strong antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-septic and anti-inflammatory properties
and appetite and digestion stimulants. The clove and its derivatives contain bioactive
components, including eugenol, eugenyl acetate, ᵦ-caryophyllene, salicylic acid, ferulic
acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, kaempferol, methyl amyl ketone, humulene, gallotannic
acid, and crategolic acid that have beneficial effects. Eugenol is the main bioactive
component present in the clove. The potential advantages of utilizing clove extracts in
poultry diets include improved growth performance, egg production and feed
conversion ratio, enhanced digestion, and down-regulated disease incidence. From the
available literature, clove and its essential oil is one of the beneficial plant extracts to
increase growth performance in poultry by improving the intestinal microbiota
population. Clove extract contains various molecules (principally eugenol) that have
self-biological activities in poultry physiology and metabolism. This chapter includes
information on clove and its derivatives in poultry nutrition.
Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L): Beneficial Impacts, Health Benefits and Uses in Poultry Nutrition
Page: 80-97 (18)
Author: Youssef A. Attia, Ayman E. Taha, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack*, Mohamed Abdo, Ahmed I. Abo-Ahmed, Mahmoud A. Emam, Karima El Naggar, Mervat A. Abdel-Latif, Nader R. Abdelsalam and Mahmoud Alagawany
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010009
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Punica Grantum L is an ancient, magical and distinctive fruit. It is local to
the Mediterranean basin and has been broadly utilized in traditional pharmaceuticals in
numerous nations. The extracts collected from various parts (peels, seeds, juice and
flowers) of this natural fruit can be used as multiple additives for practice because of its
polyphenolic contents. Polyphenols found in P. Grantum have been shown to have various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
antimicrobial, anti-diarrheal, immunomodulatory, anti-carcinogenic, and wound
healing promotors. Moreover, they are reported to have anti-cestodial, anti-nematodal
and anti-protozoan activities. P. Grantum L or its by-products supplementation can
play a major role in poultry nutrition by enhancing immunity, scavenging free radicals,
and inhibiting antimicrobial activity, leading to improved poultry performance. Owing
to its functions above, it can be a potential substitute for modulating immune functions
and gut microbiota to relieve diarrhea and enteritis, preventing colibacillosis and
coccidiosis in chickens. Moreover, it is reported that polyphenols and tannins of P.
Grantum act as an antioxidant by scavenging reactive oxygen species and preventing
lipid oxidation and inflammatory molecule production. This chapter highlights the
work done in the recent past on P. Grantum. Despite the voluminous pharmacological
properties of P. Grantum, its usage in the chicken ration is limited. So, this chapter
aims to broaden the information of researchers, veterinary advisors, and poultry
nutritionists to recommend P. Grantum as a safe, natural added substance in poultry
feed to substitute the synthetic additives for nourishment purposes.
Use of Chicory (Cichorium intybus) and its Derivatives in Poultry Nutrition
Page: 98-110 (13)
Author: Muhammad Saeed, Faisal Siddique, Rizwana Sultan, Sabry A.A. El-Sayed, Sarah Y.A. Ahmed, Mayada R. Farag, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack*, Abdelrazeq M. Shehata and Mahmoud Alagawany*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010010
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a perennial herb that belongs to the
Asteraceae family. Certain species are grown and used as fried, dry salad leaves, roots,
or chicons as a substitute for coffee additives. It is also cultivated as forage that can be
used in animal feeding. In addition, chicory has significant effects on animal and
human health and has various biological activities, such as immunostimulant,
antimicrobial, antioxidant, hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activity.
Chicory extracts protect the liver by lowering the levels of liver enzymes, e.g.,
aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline
phosphatase (ALP). The chicory plant plays a key role in protecting hepatocytes and
other liver cells. It is used as an antimicrobial agent in vitro and in vivo against certain
pathogenic bacteria species. Chicory improves immunity and feed efficacy by reducing
pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. Cichorium intybus roots were
also used to alleviate slight intestinal disturbances, including the sense of flatulence,
full abdomen, transient appetite loss, and indigestion. This chapter describes the role of
chicory plants in promoting growth when used as feed additives in poultry feed. It also
explains the mechanisms of action of chicory extracts and their role as a liver protector
for poultry.
Use of Psyllium Husk (Plantago ovata) in Poultry Feeding and Possible Application in Organic Production
Page: 111-123 (13)
Author: Mahmoud Alagawany*, Rana Muhammad Bilal, Fiza Batool, Youssef A. Attia, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack*, Sameh A. Abdelnour, Mayada R. Farag, Ayman A. Swelum and Mahmoud Madkour
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010011
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Herbs or medicinal plants have gained significant attention due to their
bioactive compounds that could act as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,
anticancer agents, etc. Psyllium husk (Plantago ovata) is an Indian native herb. The
water-loving (hydrophilic) mucilloid and water-soluble fiber derived from Plantago
ovata have been used in traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine as a crucial remedial
mediator of constipation. Psyllium is a rich source of fiber and has many other remedial
properties, including lowering the level of cholesterol, raising energy, relaxing
inflammation, serving as an antidiarrhoeal, antidiabetic, laxative, and also used in
hemorrhoid therapy, and as weight loss agent. The blood serum cholesterol-lowering
property of the psyllium husk had drawn the researchers' main focus; thus, Psyllium is thought to be a plausible herbal agent helpful in treating hyperlipidemia. In various
animal models, cholesterol levels are reduced by binding Psyllium husk with bile acids
in the intestinal, thereby lowering its absorption rate. Screening literature has
demonstrated that Psyllium husk could be utilized as an antidiarrheal mediator to cope
with the diarrheal symptoms associated with poultry farming disorders. Additionally,
Psyllium may also benefit various poultry species' production and growth traits. The
present chapter explored Psyllium's potential responsibility for coping the
hypercholesterolemia and the uses of psyllium husk as a safe feed additive in poultry
farming for organic production and lowering cholesterol in meat and for production of
functional foods.
Dandelion Herb: Chemical Composition and Use in Poultry Nutrition
Page: 124-136 (13)
Author: Mahmoud Alagawany*, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack*, Mayada R. Farag*, Sameh A. Abdelnour, Kuldeep Dhama, Ayman A. Swelum and Alessandro Di Cerbo
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010012
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Taraxacum officinale, also known as dandelion herb, is a popular medicinal
and therapeutic herb used for many years and is mostly raised in Europe, Asia, North
and South America. It contains several nutrients and bioactive substances, especially
the leaves and roots of this herb, which are a rich source of fiber, lecithin, choline, and
micronutrients such as minerals (potassium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, etc., iron) and
vitamins (A, C, K, and B-complex). The root has been commonly used for digestive
and liver problems due to its stimulatory effects on the production of bile and
detoxification functions. The leaves of dandelion have stimulatory functions on the
digestive system and possess diuretic effects. Furthermore, several studies have shown
that dandelion leaves can enhance the growth and productivity of poultry. Various
functions on the intestinal mucosa have been reported, including the effects on the
architecture of villi, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and cellular infiltration. This herb
also has various beneficial functions, such as immunomodulatory effects, stimulation
of the digestive system and insulin activation, enhancing the metabolism of androgens,
and acting as a probiotic, antiangiogenic, antineoplastic and demulcent. Moreover, the
dandelion herb can treat indigestions and hepatitis B infection. Due to the lack of studies on the effects of dandelion, further research has to be conducted to exploit the
medicinal properties of this herb for its beneficial health impact on humans, pet and
livestock animals (e.g., poultry) nutrition.
Probiotics in Poultry Nutrition as a Natural Alternative for Antibiotics
Page: 137-159 (23)
Author: Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack*, Mahmoud Alagawany, Nahed A. El-Shall, Abdelrazeq M. Shehata, Abdel-Moneim E. Abdel-Moneim and Mohammed A. E. Naiel
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010013
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Since the early 1950s, antibiotics have been used in poultry for improving
feed efficiency and growth performance. Nevertheless, various side effects have
appeared, such as antibiotic resistance, antibiotic residues in eggs and meat, and
imbalance of beneficial intestinal bacteria. Consequently, it is essential to find other
alternatives that include probiotics that improve poultry production. Probiotics are live
microorganisms administered in adequate doses and improve host health. Probiotics are
available to be used as feed additives, increasing the availability of the nutrients for
enhanced growth by digesting the feed properly. Immunity and meat and egg quality
can be improved by supplementation of probiotics in poultry feed. Furthermore, the
major reason for using probiotics as feed additives is that they can compete with
various infectious diseases causing pathogens in poultry's gastrointestinal tract. Hence,
this chapter focuses on the types and mechanisms of action of probiotics and their
benefits, by feed supplementation, for poultry health and production.
Phytogenic Substances: A Promising Approach Towards Sustainable Aquaculture Industry
Page: 160-193 (34)
Author: Abdelrazeq M. Shehata, Abdel-Moneim E. Abdel-Moneim, Ahmed G. A. Gewida, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Mahmoud Alagawany and Mohammed A. E. Naiel*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010014
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The aquaculture industry has shown rapid growth over the last three decades, especially with improving the farming systems. However, the rapid expansion and intensification practices in the aquaculture sector have been marred by increased stress levels and disease outbreaks, and subsequently, high fish mortality. Excessive use of veterinary drugs and antibiotics in aquaculture poses a great threat to human and aquatic animals' health, as well as to the biosystem. Furthermore, exposure to various pollutants such as industrial effluents and agricultural pesticides may cause devastating toxicological aspects of fish and adversely affect their health and growth. Besides, with a growing world population, there is a growing interest in intensifying aquaculture production to meet the global demand for nutritional security needs. Uncontrolled intensification of aquaculture production makes aquatic animals both vulnerable to, and potential sources of a wide range of hazards include pathogen transmission, disease outbreak, immunosuppression, impaired growth performance, malnutrition, foodborne illness, and high mortality. Plant-derived compounds are generally recognized as safe for fish, humans, and the environment and possess great potential as functional ingredients to be applied in aquaculture for several purposes. Phytogenic additives comprise a wide variety of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds with multiple biological functions. The use of phytogenic compounds can open a promising approach towards enhancing the health status of aquatic animals. However, further invivo trials are necessary under favorable conditions with controlled amounts of identi-fied bioactive compounds along with toxicity testing for fish safety towards a realistic evaluation of the tested substance efficacy.
The Beneficial Impacts of Essential Oils Application against Parasitic Infestation in Fish Farm
Page: 194-214 (21)
Author: Samar S. Negm, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack*, Mahmoud Alagawany, Amlan Kumar Patra and Mohammed A. E. Naiel*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010015
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Aquaculture is a growing sector due to the high rising demand for fish,
shrimp, oysters, and other products, which is partially conflicted by various infectious
diseases. The infectious diseases affecting the production and inducing high mortalities
cause substantial economic losses in this sector. Also, parasitic infections may induce
severe mortality and morbidity in fish farms. Therefore, most farmers apply several
kinds of antibiotics to control the problems induced by bacterial diseases and, to some
extent, parasitic infections. The extensive usage of antibiotics to control or prevent
pathogens may lead to the development of pathogenic resistant strains that might cause
hazards to human health. Besides, there is a global trend toward reducing the
application of antibiotics in aquaculture farms. Thus, there is a great effort to discover
new natural and safe products with pharmaceutical properties, such as natural essential
oils (EO). Essential oils are secondary metabolites of many plants (roots, flowers,
seeds, leaves, fruits and peels) and their molecular structures provide a high
antimicrobial and antiparasitic efficiency against pathogens. Consequently, it is
essential to provide sufficient knowledge about the mode of action of EO against fish
parasites and its future applications and directions in aquaculture.
The Role of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) in Aquaculture Farming
Page: 215-235 (21)
Author: Mohammed A. E. Naiel*, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack*, Amlan Kumar Patra and Mahmoud Alagawany
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010016
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the vital constituents that stimulate the
innate immune defense system against pathogens and perform several biological
activities, which provide the first defensive line against infectious diseases. Owing to
their unique structure, they can be utilized as a therapeutic strategy for infectious
diseases in fishes. Several kinds of AMPs are reported in fishes with broad-spectrum
antimicrobial properties. Besides, the bacterial cells cannot develop resistance strains
against these cationic compounds with low molecular weight. Thus, AMPs may be
considered an alternative to antibiotics to prevent or control infectious diseases in
aquaculture. It is essential to provide sufficient knowledge about the mode of action of
AMPs against fish pathogenic agents and their future applications.
Subject Index
Page: 236-250 (15)
Author: Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack and Mahmoud Alagawany
DOI: 10.2174/9789815049015122010017
Introduction
This handbook focuses on the use of antibiotic alternatives in poultry and fish feed. Chapters in the book cover a range of natural ingredients in feed and the impacts of these natural feed additives on growth, production, reproduction and health status of poultry and fish. All chapters give a holistic approach to how organic feed additives (herbal plants and their extracts, probiotics, peptides, etc.) can positively impact animal health and production. Key Features: - presents 13 chapters contributed by 38 experts and scientists of animal, poultry and fish nutrition, poultry and fish physiology, toxicology, pharmacology, and pathology - highlights the significance of herbal plants and their extracts and derivatives, cold-pressed and essential oils and fruits by-products - covers the effects of special ingredients such as immunomodulators, antimicrobial peptides, and probiotics - provides the reader an updated perspective on the use of additives in poultry and fish industry as growth promoters and their role in developing bacterial resistance to antibiotics - covers the main poultry species, egg-laying hens, quails, geese, ducks, turkey, and commercial fish - includes references for advanced readers This book will be useful for poultry and fish keepers and researchers in animal nutrition, pharmacology, and veterinary sciences. Professionals involved in the poultry and fish feed industry will also find the information useful for product development.