Brain and Computer Interface

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are defined as the science and technology of devices and systems responding to neural processes in the brain that generate motor movements and to cognitive processes (e.g., memory) that modify motor movements. Advances in neuroscience, computational technology, component miniaturization, the biocompatibility of materials, and sensor technology have led to the much-improved feasibility of useful BCIs. Brain-Computer Interface can be developed by engineers, neuroscientists, physical scientists, and behavioral and social scientists as a team effort. A study on brain computers (BCI) discusses how the brain and external systems interact. In intrusive systems, electrodes are implanted in the cortex; in non-invasive systems, they are mounted on the scalp and use electroencephalography or electrocorticography to monitor neuronal activity. The BCI systems can be generally ranked based on the location of the electrodes used for detecting and measuring neurons in the brain. This WTEC report was intended to compile and reveal to government decision-makers and the scientific community the information on global developments and patterns in BCI research. The design of hardware, device architecture, functional electrical stimulation, non-invasive systems of communication, academic and industrial cognitive and emotional neuroprosthesis has been discussed in this chapter. The purpose of the present chapter is to review the current sensor technologies used for invasive and non-invasive BCI approaches throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. We have visited and/or interacted with key laboratories with expertise in these areas. Although not completely comprehensive, this chapter gives an overview of the major sensor technologies being developed for potential BCI applications. 

Keywords: Cortex, CNS tissue, ECoG strips, Electrode cap, Electrocorticography, Emotional neuro-prostheses, EEG signals, Etching technique, Geometric electrodes, Invasive, Integrated chip, Micro-heater, Multielectrodes, Non-invasive, Neurosurgical technology, Neuronal map, Polyimide microelectrode, Sensor technology, Sensor Technology, Silicon-based Electrodes.