From the Design to the Clinical Application of Thromboxane Modulators

Jean-Michel      Dogne; Julien      Hanson; Xavier   de   Leval; Domenico      Pratico; Cecil   R.   Pace-Asciak; Pierre      Drion; Bernard      Pirotte; Ke-He      Ruan

doi:10.2174/138161206776055921

Abstract

Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites are key mediators involved in the pathogenesis of numerous cardiovascular, pulmonary, inflammatory, and thromboembolic diseases. One of these bioactive metabolites of particular importance is thromboxane A2 (TXA2). It is produced by the action of thromboxane synthase on the prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 (PGH2) which results from the enzymatic transformation of AA by the cyclooxygenases. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction, and has been involved in a series of major pathophysiological conditions. Therefore, TXA2 receptor antagonists, thromboxane synthase inhibitors and drugs combining both properties have been developed by different laboratories since the early 1980s. Several compounds have been launched on the market and others are under clinical evaluation. In the first part of this review, we will describe the physiological properties of TXA2, thromboxane synthase and thromboxane receptors. The second part is dedicated to a description of each class of thromboxane modulators with the advantages and disadvantages they offer. In the third part, we aim to describe recent studies performed with the most interesting thromboxane modulators in major pathologies: myocardial infarction and thrombosis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, pulmonary embolism, septic shock, preeclampsia, and asthma. Each pathology will be systematically reviewed. Finally, in the last part we will highlight the latest perspectives in drug design of thromboxane modulators and in their future therapeutic applications such as cancer, metastasis and angiogenesis.

Keywords: prostaglandin, Thromboxane synthase, GP IIb/IIIa binding sites, isoprostanes, Thrombosis, ICAM-1

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