Abstract
This review summarizes some basic properties and distribution of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE). ACE is one of several biologically important ectoproteins that exists in both membrane-bound and soluble forms. Localized on the surface of various cells, ACE is inserted at the cell membrane via its carboxyl terminus. Human plasma ACE originates from endothelial cells while other body fluids may contain ACE that originates from epithelial, endothelial or germinal cells. The two isoforms of ACE, the two-domain somatic form and the single domain germinal form, convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II, and metabolize kinins and many other biologically active peptides, including substance P, chemotactic peptide and opioid peptides. The broad spectrum of substrates for ACE and its wide distribution throughout the body indicates that this enzyme, in addition to an important role in cardiovascular homeostasis, may be involved in additional physiologic processes such as neovascularization, fertilization, atherosclerosis, kidney and lung fibrosis, myocardial hypertrophy, inflammation and wound healing. Future research should explore the possible functions of tissue ACE and its systemic role as a pressor agent. ACE inhibitors have achieved widespread use in the treatment of hypertension and the protection of endorgan damage in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Potential problems related to side effects and compliance of such therapy need to be adressed. A safer way of producing therapeutic effects is promised by the delivery of the ACE antisense sequences by a vector producing a permanent inhibition of ACE and long-term control of blood pressure in hypertensive patients.
Keywords: Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme, germinal cells, chemotactic peptide, hypertensive patients, angiotensin
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Properties and Distribution of Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme
Volume: 9 Issue: 9
Author(s): Rajko Igic and Rahim Behnia
Affiliation:
Keywords: Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme, germinal cells, chemotactic peptide, hypertensive patients, angiotensin
Abstract: This review summarizes some basic properties and distribution of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE). ACE is one of several biologically important ectoproteins that exists in both membrane-bound and soluble forms. Localized on the surface of various cells, ACE is inserted at the cell membrane via its carboxyl terminus. Human plasma ACE originates from endothelial cells while other body fluids may contain ACE that originates from epithelial, endothelial or germinal cells. The two isoforms of ACE, the two-domain somatic form and the single domain germinal form, convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II, and metabolize kinins and many other biologically active peptides, including substance P, chemotactic peptide and opioid peptides. The broad spectrum of substrates for ACE and its wide distribution throughout the body indicates that this enzyme, in addition to an important role in cardiovascular homeostasis, may be involved in additional physiologic processes such as neovascularization, fertilization, atherosclerosis, kidney and lung fibrosis, myocardial hypertrophy, inflammation and wound healing. Future research should explore the possible functions of tissue ACE and its systemic role as a pressor agent. ACE inhibitors have achieved widespread use in the treatment of hypertension and the protection of endorgan damage in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Potential problems related to side effects and compliance of such therapy need to be adressed. A safer way of producing therapeutic effects is promised by the delivery of the ACE antisense sequences by a vector producing a permanent inhibition of ACE and long-term control of blood pressure in hypertensive patients.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Igic Rajko and Behnia Rahim, Properties and Distribution of Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2003; 9 (9) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612033455459
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612033455459 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Hemostatic Factors and the Metabolic Syndrome
Current Vascular Pharmacology Cardiovascular Disease: A Target for the Pharmacological Effects of Quercetin
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Combination of Fenofibrate with Non-Statin Drug Regimens
Current Pharmaceutical Design Evaluation of Plasma Homocysteine Levels as a Prognostic Factor for the Occurrence of Perioperative Myocardial Infarction in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Pilot Study
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) <i>Ammoides verticillata</i> Essential Oil as Biocontrol Agent of Selected Fungi and Pest of Olive Tree
Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture Managing Cardiovascular Risk Factors without Medications: What is the Evidence?
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry The Adiponectin Signaling Pathway as a Novel Pharmacological Target
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Association of Mean Platelet Volume with Hypertension in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Myocardial Structure and Matrix Metalloproteinases
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Bleeding, Vertebral Fractures and Vascular Calcifications in Patients Treated with Warfarin: Hope for Lower Risks with Alternative Therapies
Current Vascular Pharmacology Monitoring Kidney Function in Neuroendocrine Tumor Patients Treated with <sup>90</sup>Y-DOTATOC: Associations with Risk Factors
Current Radiopharmaceuticals Ethnopharmacological and Phytopharmaceutical Evaluation of Prosopis cineraria: An Overview and Future Prospects
Current Drug Metabolism Common Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: A Knowledge-Driven Approach
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets The Stable Isotope Use in the Exploration of Bioavailability and Metabolism of Magnesium
Current Nutrition & Food Science Metabolic Syndrome: Sex-Related Cardiovascular Risk and Therapeutic Approach
Current Medicinal Chemistry Glaucoma Drug Therapy in Pregnancy: Literature Review and Teratology Information Service (TIS) Case Series
Current Drug Safety Chest Pain in Children
Current Pediatric Reviews Regulation of Multidrug Resistance by Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
Current Cancer Drug Targets Clinical Values of Nitric Oxide Parameters from the Respiratory System
Current Medicinal Chemistry Prevalence of Anxiety During Pregnancy in Women with Previous Spontaneous Abortions
Current Women`s Health Reviews