Abstract
The structurally related neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) are released within the lymphoid organs following antigenic stimulation, and modulate the function of inflammatory cells through specific receptors. In activated macrophages, VIP and PACAP inhibit the expression at both mRNA and protein level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, through effects on de novo expression or nuclear translocation of a number of transcription factors, i.e. NFkB, CREB, c-Jun, JunB, and IRF-1. In addition, VIP and PACAP promote Th2-type, and inhibit Th1-type responses in vivo and in vitro, through several mechanisms, including preferential survival of Th2 effectors and subsequent generation of Th2 memory cells. The function of VIP / PACAP as “macrophage deactivating factors” appears to be responsible for their protective effect in vivo in models of septic shock. Both deactivation of macrophages and inhibition of Th1-type responses appear to be responsible for the beneficial effect of VIP/PACAP in models of Th1-type autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Keywords: neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, effector cells, macrophages
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: The Neuropeptides VIP / PACAP and T Cells: Inhibitors or Activators?
Volume: 9 Issue: 12
Author(s): Doina Ganea and Mario Delgado
Affiliation:
Keywords: neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, effector cells, macrophages
Abstract: The structurally related neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) are released within the lymphoid organs following antigenic stimulation, and modulate the function of inflammatory cells through specific receptors. In activated macrophages, VIP and PACAP inhibit the expression at both mRNA and protein level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, through effects on de novo expression or nuclear translocation of a number of transcription factors, i.e. NFkB, CREB, c-Jun, JunB, and IRF-1. In addition, VIP and PACAP promote Th2-type, and inhibit Th1-type responses in vivo and in vitro, through several mechanisms, including preferential survival of Th2 effectors and subsequent generation of Th2 memory cells. The function of VIP / PACAP as “macrophage deactivating factors” appears to be responsible for their protective effect in vivo in models of septic shock. Both deactivation of macrophages and inhibition of Th1-type responses appear to be responsible for the beneficial effect of VIP/PACAP in models of Th1-type autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Ganea Doina and Delgado Mario, The Neuropeptides VIP / PACAP and T Cells: Inhibitors or Activators?, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2003; 9 (12) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612033455116
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612033455116 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Channel-Like Functions of the 18-kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO): Regulation of Apoptosis and Steroidogenesis as Part of the Host-Defense Response
Current Pharmaceutical Design Nuclear Factor Kappa-light-chain-enhancer of Activated B Cells (NF-κB) – a Friend, a Foe, or a Bystander - in the Neurodegenerative Cascade and Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets A Review on Repurposed Drugs and Vaccine Trials for Combating SARS CoV-2
Current Drug Research Reviews Progress in Intra-Articular Drug Delivery Systems for Osteoarthritis
Current Drug Targets Malignancy Risk in Systemic Lupus: Recent Research and Ongoing Challenges
Current Rheumatology Reviews Recent advances in the management of autoimmune myocarditis: insights from animal studies.
Current Pharmaceutical Design Volatile Disease Biomarkers in Breath: A Critique
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Privileged Scaffolds or Promiscuous Binders: A Glance of Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines and Related Bridgehead Nitrogen Heterocycles in Medicinal Chemistry
Current Pharmaceutical Design Glucocorticoids and the Cardiovascular System: State of the Art
Current Pharmaceutical Design How to Manage the Infectious Risk under Anti-TNF in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Current Drug Targets MicroRNAs as Modulators of the Platelet Proteome
Current Proteomics Otorhinolaryngological Manifestations in Sjogren Syndrome
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Comprehensive Analysis of the mRNA-lncRNA Co-expression Profile and ceRNA Networks Patterns in Chronic Hepatitis B
Current Genomics Hypersensitivity Reactions to Quinolones
Current Pharmaceutical Design NF-κB Signaling and Carcinogenesis
Current Pharmaceutical Design Neurological Disorders in Pregnancy
Current Women`s Health Reviews Transplacental Transfer of Immunosuppressants and Biologics Used for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Assorted Applications of N-substituted-2,4-thiazolidinediones in Various Pathological Conditions
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry The Lung Disease of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Proinflammatory Cytokines in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms of Action and Potential Targets for Therapeutics
Current Drug Targets