Abstract
Background: Many lines of scientific research suggest that Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) may be associated with alterations in the enteric ecosystem, including alterations of the enteric macrobiome (i.e. helminthes and fauna) and changes in predominant microbiome species, particularly a reduction in microbiome species diversity.
Methods: We performed a comprehensive review of the literature and summarized the major findings.
Results: Alterations in the enteric ecosystem are believed to be due to a variety of factors including changes in the post-industrial society related to decreased exposure to symbiotic organisms, increased human migration, overuse of antibiotics and changes in dietary habits. Changes in the enteric ecosystem are believed to alter metabolic and immune system function and epigenetic regulation. If these changes occur during critical developmental windows, the trajectory of brain development, as well as brain function, can be altered. This paper reviews theoretical models that explain how these perturbations may in isolation or in combination be causative for ASDs as well as the preclinical and clinical studies that support these models. We discuss how these alterations may converge to trigger or exacerbate the formation of an ASD phenotype. We focus on possible preconception, prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors that may alter the enteric ecosystem leading to physiological disruptions, potentially through triggering events.
Conclusion: If these theoretical models prove to be valid, they may lead to the development of practical interventions which could decrease ASD prevalence and/or morbidity.
Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders, Microbiome, Macrobiome, Fauna, Helminths, Mitochondria, Cell Danger Theory, Biome Depletion, Propionic Acid, Oxidative Stress, Microbiota, Antibiotics, Treatment, Immune Function, Acetaminophen, Beta lactam, Omeprazole, Epigenetics.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?
Volume: 22 Issue: 40
Author(s): John Slattery, Derrick F. MacFabe, Stephen G. Kahler and Richard E. Frye
Affiliation:
Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders, Microbiome, Macrobiome, Fauna, Helminths, Mitochondria, Cell Danger Theory, Biome Depletion, Propionic Acid, Oxidative Stress, Microbiota, Antibiotics, Treatment, Immune Function, Acetaminophen, Beta lactam, Omeprazole, Epigenetics.
Abstract: Background: Many lines of scientific research suggest that Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) may be associated with alterations in the enteric ecosystem, including alterations of the enteric macrobiome (i.e. helminthes and fauna) and changes in predominant microbiome species, particularly a reduction in microbiome species diversity.
Methods: We performed a comprehensive review of the literature and summarized the major findings.
Results: Alterations in the enteric ecosystem are believed to be due to a variety of factors including changes in the post-industrial society related to decreased exposure to symbiotic organisms, increased human migration, overuse of antibiotics and changes in dietary habits. Changes in the enteric ecosystem are believed to alter metabolic and immune system function and epigenetic regulation. If these changes occur during critical developmental windows, the trajectory of brain development, as well as brain function, can be altered. This paper reviews theoretical models that explain how these perturbations may in isolation or in combination be causative for ASDs as well as the preclinical and clinical studies that support these models. We discuss how these alterations may converge to trigger or exacerbate the formation of an ASD phenotype. We focus on possible preconception, prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors that may alter the enteric ecosystem leading to physiological disruptions, potentially through triggering events.
Conclusion: If these theoretical models prove to be valid, they may lead to the development of practical interventions which could decrease ASD prevalence and/or morbidity.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Slattery John, MacFabe F. Derrick, Kahler G. Stephen and Frye E. Richard, Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (40) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160905123953
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160905123953 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in the Molecular Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
This thematic issue will emphasize the recent breakthroughs in the mechanisms of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis and devotes some understanding of both Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis. It is expected to include studies about cellular and genetic aspects, which help to precipitate the disease, and the immune system-gut microbiome relations ...read more
Blood-based biomarkers in large-scale screening for neurodegenerative diseases
Disease biomarkers are necessary tools that can be employed in several clinical context of use (COU), ranging from the (early) diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction, to monitoring of disease state and/or drug efficacy. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a battery of well-validated biomarkers are available, such as cerebrospinal ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Diabetes mellitus: advances in diagnosis and treatment driving by precision medicine
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic degenerative metabolic disease with ever increasing prevalence worldwide which is now an epidemic disease affecting 500 million people worldwide. Insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells unable to maintain blood glucose homeostasis is the main feature of this disease. Multifactorial and complex nature of ...read more

- Author Guidelines
- Bentham Author Support Services (BASS)
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Chemometric Study of Retention Indices of Some Thiazolidinediones Derivatives in Two Low Polarity Stationary Phases
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening A Very Rare Cerebral Complication of Chemotherapy in a Young Girl: A Difficult Diagnosis
Current Drug Safety Socio-economic Aspects of Alzheimer's Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Fc Engineering to Improve the Function of Therapeutic Antibodies
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology HIV-1 Latency and Eradication: Past, Present and Future
Current HIV Research Kidney in Diabetes: from Organ Damage Target to Therapeutic Target
Current Drug Metabolism Management of Hypertension in Relation to Acute Coronary Syndromes and Revascularisation
Current Pharmaceutical Design Genetics and Genomics of Hepatic Acute Phase Reactants: A Mini-Review
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) The Use of Dexmedetomidine in Anesthesia and Intensive Care: A Review
Current Pharmaceutical Design Optimizing Conventional Medical Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease in 2014
Current Drug Targets IGF-1R Inhibitor Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy with Suppressed HMGN1/TLR4 Pathway
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Nicotinamide: Oversight of Metabolic Dysfunction Through SIRT1, mTOR, and Clock Genes
Current Neurovascular Research Glucose Intolerance and Diabetes Mellitus in Endocrine Disorders – Two Case Reports and a Review
Current Diabetes Reviews Potential Options to Treat Hypertriglyceridaemia
Current Drug Targets B Lymphocytes Are Predictors of Insulin Resistance in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets The Multidomain Mobility Lab in Older Persons: From Bench to Bedside. The Assessment of Body Composition in Older Persons at Risk of Mobility Limitations
Current Pharmaceutical Design Patent Perspective for Potential Antioxidant Compounds-Rutin and Quercetin
Recent Patents on Nanomedicine Targeting Dyslipidemia in the Metabolic Syndrome: An Update
Current Vascular Pharmacology Activated T Lymphocytes in Type 2 Diabetes: Implications From in Vitro Studies
Current Drug Targets Future Challenges for Microsomal Transport Protein Inhibitors
Current Vascular Pharmacology