Abstract
Microglial cells are extremely important for homeostasis of the CNS. Upon brain damage, microglia become reactive in response to inflammatory stimuli and lead to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Because microglia have the ability of adjusting their steady state to an active phenotype that modulates the CNS environment, chronic activation of microglia has an important role in mediating neuroinflammatory brain diseases. Depending upon the nature and degree of the injury stimulus, microglial activity may alternate, either to acute and mild responses -sometimes beneficial- or chronic and severe that may result in neurodegeneration. In this context, proper and controlled activation of microglia should be considered as a potential neuroprotective strategy against neurodegeneration. More recently, the use of estrogenic compounds to regulate microgliosis has shown promising results, and is currently being investigated due to their potential pharmacologic ability in the regulation of inflammation. In this review, we highlight the role of microgliamediated damage and discuss the effect of neurosteroids in reducing the adverse impact of inflammation in the brain.
Keywords: Neurosteroids, microglia, neuroinflammation, brain damage, neuroprotection, neurodegeneration.
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Title:Microglial dependent protective effects of neuroactive steroids
Volume: 15 Issue: 2
Author(s): Oscar Hidalgo Lanussa, Marco Ávila-Rodriguez, Luis Miguel García-Segura, Janneth González, Valentina Echeverria, Gjumrakch Aliev and George E. Barreto
Affiliation:
Keywords: Neurosteroids, microglia, neuroinflammation, brain damage, neuroprotection, neurodegeneration.
Abstract: Microglial cells are extremely important for homeostasis of the CNS. Upon brain damage, microglia become reactive in response to inflammatory stimuli and lead to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Because microglia have the ability of adjusting their steady state to an active phenotype that modulates the CNS environment, chronic activation of microglia has an important role in mediating neuroinflammatory brain diseases. Depending upon the nature and degree of the injury stimulus, microglial activity may alternate, either to acute and mild responses -sometimes beneficial- or chronic and severe that may result in neurodegeneration. In this context, proper and controlled activation of microglia should be considered as a potential neuroprotective strategy against neurodegeneration. More recently, the use of estrogenic compounds to regulate microgliosis has shown promising results, and is currently being investigated due to their potential pharmacologic ability in the regulation of inflammation. In this review, we highlight the role of microgliamediated damage and discuss the effect of neurosteroids in reducing the adverse impact of inflammation in the brain.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Lanussa Hidalgo Oscar, Ávila-Rodriguez Marco, García-Segura Miguel Luis, González Janneth, Echeverria Valentina, Aliev Gjumrakch and Barreto E. George, Microglial dependent protective effects of neuroactive steroids, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2016; 15 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527315666160202122032
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527315666160202122032 |
Print ISSN 1871-5273 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1996-3181 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system infectious diseases
Infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) can be divided into bacterial, tuberculous, viral, fungal, parasitic infections, etc. Early etiological treatment is often the most crucial means to reduce the mortality rate of patients with central nervous system infections, reduce complications and sequelae, and improve prognosis. The initial clinical ...read more
Techniques of Drug Repurposing: Delivering a new life to Herbs & Drugs
Of late, with the adaptation of innovative approaches and integration of advancements made towards medical sciences as well as the availability of a wide range of tools; several therapeutic challenges are being translated into viable clinical solutions, with a high degree of efficacy, safety, and selectivity. With a better understanding ...read more
Trends and perspectives in the rational management of CNS disorders
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases enforce a significant global health burden, driving ongoing efforts to improve our understanding and effectiveness of therapy. This issue investigates current advances in the discipline, focusing on the understanding as well as therapeutic handling of various CNS diseases. The issue covers a variety of diseases, ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Therapeutic Drugs that Behave as Mechanism-Based Inhibitors of Cytochrome P450 3A4
Current Drug Metabolism Influence of Impaired Liver Methionine Metabolism on the Development of Vascular Disease and Inflammation
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents Gynecomastia in Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV Infection Does Not Influence HIVSpecific Immunity but Has an Impact on Non-Specific Immune Activation
Current HIV Research Development of Mitotane Lipid Nanocarriers and Enantiomers: Two-in-One Solution to Efficiently Treat Adreno-Cortical Carcinoma
Current Medicinal Chemistry Microbicides for Prevention of Transmission of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Relevance of Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Intranasal Corticosteroids in Allergic Rhinitis
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Pros and Cons of Medical Cannabis use by People with Chronic Brain Disorders
Current Neuropharmacology Vitiligo in Children: A Birds Eye View
Current Pediatric Reviews Pictorial US, CT and MRI Findings of Common Hepatic Tumours
Current Medical Imaging Pharmacological Characteristics of Parenteral IGF-I Administration
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Beneficial Effects of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants on the Metabolic Syndrome, Brain and Cognitive Function
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Current Status of Epigenetics and Anticancer Drug Discovery
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Current Status of Carbapenem Antibiotics
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Drug Discoveries Towards Kv1.5 Potassium Channel
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Copper as a Biocidal Tool
Current Medicinal Chemistry Basis for the Application of Analytical Models of the Bloch NMR Flow Equations for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): A Review
Recent Patents on Medical Imaging The Alzheimer's Disease-Related Glucose Metabolic Brain Pattern
Current Alzheimer Research Oncoproteomics of Neuroblastoma: A Blueprint for Future Progress
Current Proteomics Intracellular Disposition of Methotrexate in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children
Current Drug Metabolism