摘要
癌细胞食人目前定义为一个现象,一个更大的细胞包含一个小的,通常在一个大细胞质液泡,检测培养的肿瘤细胞或肿瘤样本。经过近一个世纪,这一现象被忽视,未能引起研究者的兴趣。一些最近的研究首次提出肿瘤细胞同类相食的“异常的吞噬作用”,使得专业的吞噬细胞与恶性细胞非常相似。 后,进一步的研究表明,不同的巨噬细胞,只摄入外源物质,凋亡的身体,或细胞碎片,肿瘤细胞可以吞噬其他细胞,包括淋巴细胞和红细胞,无论是死是活,主要目的是吞噬它。这一现象有关的恶性肿瘤,经常有转移性细胞,通常预后不良。同类相食的行为增加根据肿瘤细胞的微环境条件,如低养分供应或低pH值,表明其主要为恶性癌症的生存选择。然而,证据表明,恶性肿瘤细胞可以抢占肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞,作为他们的杀手,表明肿瘤细胞食人可能是一个非常中和免疫反应,直接和有效的方法。肿瘤细胞可能代表同类相食回归到一个简单的标志,祖先或原始生活方式,类似于单细胞微生物,如阿米巴原虫,目标是在一个拥挤的生存和繁殖,非常敌对的微环境。事实上,我们发现转移性黑素瘤细胞与变形虫分享跨膜蛋白TM9SF4,的确与食人族这些细胞的行为相关。本文试图提供一个全面的描述当前的知识TM9SF4癌症的作用,强调其作为一个关键球员食人族恶性肿瘤细胞的行为。此外,我们讨论肿瘤同类相食之间的相同点与不同点,entosis,吞噬作用和emperipolesis。
关键词: Tumor
Current Molecular Medicine
Title:Cancer Cell Cannibalism: A Primeval Option to Survive.
Volume: 15 Issue: 9
Author(s): F. Lozupone and S. Fais
Affiliation:
关键词: Tumor
摘要: Cancer cell cannibalism is currently defined as a phenomenon in which an ensemble of a larger cell containing a smaller one, often in a big cytoplasmic vacuole, is detected in either cultured tumor cells or a tumor sample. After almost one century of considering this phenomenon as a sort of neglected curiosity, some recent studies have first proposed tumor cell cannibalism as a sort of “aberrant phagocytosis”, making malignant cells very similar to professional phagocytes. Later, further research has shown that, differently to macrophages, exclusively ingesting exogenous material, apoptotic bodies, or cell debris, tumor cells are able to engulf other cells, including lymphocytes and erythrocytes, either dead or alive, with the main purpose to feed on them. This phenomenon has been associated to the malignancy of tumors, mostly exclusive of metastatic cells, and often associated to poor prognosis. The cannibalistic behavior increased depending on the microenvironmental condition of tumor cells, such as low nutrient supply or low pH, suggesting its key survival option for malignant cancers. However, the evidence that malignant cells may cannibalize tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes that act as their killers, suggests that tumor cell cannibalism could be a very direct and efficient way to neutralize immune response, as well.
Tumor cell cannibalism may represent a sign of regression to a simpler, ancestral or primeval life style, similar to that of unicellular microorganisms, such as amoebas, where the goal is to survive and propagate in an overcrowded and very hostile microenvironment. In fact, we discovered that metastatic melanoma cells share with amoebas a transmembrane protein TM9SF4, indeed related to the cannibal behavior of these cells.
This review attempts to provide a comprehensive description of the current knowledge about the role of TM9SF4 in cancer, highlighting its role as a key player in the cannibal behavior of malignant cancer cells. Moreover, we discuss differences and similarities between tumor cannibalism, entosis, phagocytosis and emperipolesis.
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Cite this article as:
F. Lozupone and S. Fais , Cancer Cell Cannibalism: A Primeval Option to Survive., Current Molecular Medicine 2015; 15 (9) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566524015666151026100916
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566524015666151026100916 |
Print ISSN 1566-5240 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5666 |
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