Abstract
The continuous activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade, typified by the BRAFV600E mutation, is one of the key alterations in melanoma. Accordingly, two BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi), vemurafenib and dabrafenib are utilized to treat melanoma and resulted in an excellent clinical outcome. However, the clinical success is not long-lasting, and the BRAFi resistance and disease progression inevitably occurs in nearly all patients. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced unfolded protein response and autophagy have emerged as potential pro-survival mechanisms adopted by melanoma cells in response to BRAFi. In this review, we discuss the role of unfolded protein response and autophagy that are implicated in the development of BRAFi-resistant melanoma and the corresponding strategy aiming at overcoming the intractable clinical problem.
Keywords: Autophagy, BRAF inhibitor, ER stress, melanoma, unfolded protein response.
Graphical Abstract
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Nanomedicines and Targeted Therapies for Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with high incidence and mortality rates despite advancements in treatment strategies. Conventional therapies often face limitations such as systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and suboptimal targeting. The advent of nanomedicines and innovative drug delivery systems offers new hope for overcoming these challenges and ...read more
Designing Novel Molecules for Anti-Cancer Enzyme Modulation: A Mechanistic and Therapeutic Perspective
The deficiencies or hyper functions of enzymes cause a number of diseases. Enzyme inhibition is an important area of pharmaceutical research since studies in this field have already led to the discovery of wide variety of drugs useful in a number of diseases. Specific inhibitors interact with enzymes and block ...read more
Discovery of Lead compounds targeting transcriptional regulation
Transcriptional regulation plays key physiological functions in body growth and development. Transcriptional dysregulation is one of the important biomarkers of tumor genesis and progression, which is involved in regulating tumor cell processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Additionally, it plays a pivotal role in angiogenesis and promotes tumor ...read more
Heterocyclic Systems: Bridging Chemistry and Biology in Cancer Therapy
The thematic issue, "Heterocyclic Systems: Bridging Chemistry and Biology in Cancer Therapy," explores the critical role of heterocyclic compounds in advancing the frontiers of cancer treatment. Heterocycles serve as fundamental building blocks in medicinal chemistry due to their structural diversity and ability to interact with biological targets. This issue aims ...read more
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