Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a long recognized and common childhood disorder. ADHD adolescents tend to encounter more difficulties in school and peer relationships, whereas ADHD adults have more occupational and interpersonal difficulties. However, with the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, 10-20 % of the patients still remain poor responders to treatment. Among hypotheses for ADHD, dysfunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors has recently been suggested by accumulating genetic and animal studies. This article systemically reviews evidence supporting NMDA dysfunction as a potential ADHD pathogenesis from perspectives of neurodevelopment, attentional circuitry, and impulse inhibition. The review also addresses the development of novel treatments for ADHD via modulation of glutamatergic system, particularly the NMDA/glycine site. These so-called NMDA enhancers may provide a new treatment option for patients with ADHD.
Keywords: ADHD, NMDA, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, glycine, glutamate, treatment.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Dysregulation
Volume: 20 Issue: 32
Author(s): Jane Pei-Chen Chang, Hsien-Yuan Lane and Guochuan E. Tsai
Affiliation:
Keywords: ADHD, NMDA, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, glycine, glutamate, treatment.
Abstract: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a long recognized and common childhood disorder. ADHD adolescents tend to encounter more difficulties in school and peer relationships, whereas ADHD adults have more occupational and interpersonal difficulties. However, with the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, 10-20 % of the patients still remain poor responders to treatment. Among hypotheses for ADHD, dysfunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors has recently been suggested by accumulating genetic and animal studies. This article systemically reviews evidence supporting NMDA dysfunction as a potential ADHD pathogenesis from perspectives of neurodevelopment, attentional circuitry, and impulse inhibition. The review also addresses the development of novel treatments for ADHD via modulation of glutamatergic system, particularly the NMDA/glycine site. These so-called NMDA enhancers may provide a new treatment option for patients with ADHD.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Chang Pei-Chen Jane, Lane Hsien-Yuan and Tsai E. Guochuan, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Dysregulation, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2014; 20 (32) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612819666140110115227
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612819666140110115227 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Patent Selections
Recent Patents on Biomarkers MicroRNA and Cancer: Tiny Molecules with Major Implications
Current Genomics Recent Progress in the Development of Anticancer Agents
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Cancer Agents Neuropeptide-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides from Invertebrates for Biomedical Applications
Current Medicinal Chemistry Senescence and Cell Death Pathways and Their Role in Cancer Therapeutic Outcome
Current Medicinal Chemistry Convection Enhanced Drug Delivery of Novel Therapeutic Agents to Malignant Brain Tumors
Current Drug Delivery Post-Translational Modifications of PTEN and their Potential Therapeutic Implications
Current Cancer Drug Targets Matrix Metalloproteinases as Potential Targets in the Venous Dilation Associated with Varicose Veins
Current Drug Targets Strategies to Convert PACAP from a Hypophysiotropic Neurohormone Into a Neuroprotective Drug
Current Pharmaceutical Design Radiosyntheses using Fluorine-18: The Art and Science of Late Stage Fluorination
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry A New Approach for Skin-Derived Precursors to Ameliorate Skin Photodamage Through Activation of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway
Current Signal Transduction Therapy Secondary Hypertension: The Ways of Management
Current Vascular Pharmacology Telomeric G-Quadruplex Architecture and Interactions with Potential Drugs
Current Pharmaceutical Design Suicide Gene Therapy Mediated by the Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Gene / Ganciclovir System: Fifteen Years of Application
Current Gene Therapy An Expanding Appreciation of the Role Chemokine Receptors Play in Cancer Progression
Current Pharmaceutical Design Minocycline and Doxycycline: More Than Antibiotics
Current Molecular Pharmacology Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Glial Support: Mechanisms that can be Targeted for Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Stroke
Current Pharmaceutical Design Editorial [Hot Topic: Emerging Therapeutic Targets and Agents for Glioblastoma Therapy – Part I (Guest Editor: Hui-Wen Lo)]
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Ceramide-Based Therapeutics for the Treatment of Cancer
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Oncologic Imaging End-Points for the Assessment of Therapy Response
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery