Abstract
The immune system of higher vertebrates consists of two components: the innate and adaptive immunity. While the adaptive immune system relies on somatically generated and clonally selected antigen receptors, the innate immune system detects the presence of pathogens by their evolutionarily highly conserved, relatively invariant structural motifs. Interestingly, recent data suggest that activation of the innate immune system could play an important role in various diseases without the direct involvement of infectious pathogens. For example, a number of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF (tumor necrosis factor), IL (interleukin)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, as well as iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), all components of innate immunity, are also implicated in ischemia/reperfusion injury, and in the abnormal myocardial remodeling characteristic of chronic heart failure. Understanding of the regulation and activation of the innate immune system in diseases not obviously related to an immune response to specific pathogen could provide new therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases. Thus, in this review, we provide a general overview of the components of innate immunity with a focus on humoral factors, their role in the response to foreign pathogens, and their potential role in the response to tissue injury (i.e., the “Expanded Self-Non-Self” and the “Danger” theories of immune activation).
Keywords: innate immunity, heart failure, cytokines, complement, nitric oxide
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Innate Immunity and the Heart
Volume: 11 Issue: 10
Author(s): Stefan Frantz, Johann Bauersachs and Ralph A. Kelly
Affiliation:
Keywords: innate immunity, heart failure, cytokines, complement, nitric oxide
Abstract: The immune system of higher vertebrates consists of two components: the innate and adaptive immunity. While the adaptive immune system relies on somatically generated and clonally selected antigen receptors, the innate immune system detects the presence of pathogens by their evolutionarily highly conserved, relatively invariant structural motifs. Interestingly, recent data suggest that activation of the innate immune system could play an important role in various diseases without the direct involvement of infectious pathogens. For example, a number of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF (tumor necrosis factor), IL (interleukin)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, as well as iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), all components of innate immunity, are also implicated in ischemia/reperfusion injury, and in the abnormal myocardial remodeling characteristic of chronic heart failure. Understanding of the regulation and activation of the innate immune system in diseases not obviously related to an immune response to specific pathogen could provide new therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases. Thus, in this review, we provide a general overview of the components of innate immunity with a focus on humoral factors, their role in the response to foreign pathogens, and their potential role in the response to tissue injury (i.e., the “Expanded Self-Non-Self” and the “Danger” theories of immune activation).
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Frantz Stefan, Bauersachs Johann and Kelly A. Ralph, Innate Immunity and the Heart, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2005; 11 (10) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612053507512
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612053507512 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Therapeutic Value of Statins for Vascular Remodeling
Current Vascular Pharmacology Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Activation Promotes Cardioprotective Strategies
Current Signal Transduction Therapy The Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Mediates the Effects of Oxidative Stress in Hypertension
Current Hypertension Reviews Early Ischemic Blood Brain Barrier Damage: A Potential Indicator for Hemorrhagic Transformation Following Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Thrombolysis?
Current Neurovascular Research Hydrogen Sulfide in Physiological and Pathological Mechanisms in Brain
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Non Pregnant Human Uterus as Source of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Endothelin-1 and Human Platelets
Current Vascular Pharmacology Edaravone (3-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pyrazolin-5-one), A Novel Free Radical Scavenger, for Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Atorvastatin Prevents the Neuron Loss in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Region through its Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Apoptotic Activities
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Angiogenesis-regulating microRNAs and Ischemic Stroke
Current Vascular Pharmacology Therapeutic Potential of Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Cardiovascular Diseases
Current Vascular Pharmacology The Role of Estrogen and Estrogen-Related Drugs in Cardiovascular Diseases
Current Drug Metabolism Proresolution Mediators and Receptors: Novel Drug Targets for Enhancing Pharmacological Armamentarium against Periodontal Inflammation
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets miR-666-3p Mediates the Protective Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes Against Oxygen-glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation- induced Cell Injury in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells via Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway
Current Neurovascular Research Diagnostic Value of HLA Typing in Pathogenesis of Cardiomyopathy
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Editorial (Thematic Issue: Vascular Damage In Systemic Sclerosis)
Current Rheumatology Reviews Establishing Maternal Tolerance: The Role of Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) in Pregnancy and Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia
Current Women`s Health Reviews Reactive Oxygen Species in Vascular Wall
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Transcriptional and Non-transcriptional Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Sensitivity through Vitamin D
Current Nutrition & Food Science Structure Activity Relationships for Nicotinamide in the Treatment of Stroke
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery