Allopurinol Hypersensitivity Reactions: Desensitization Strategies and New Therapeutic Alternative Molecules

Gianfranco      Calogiuri; Eustachio      Nettis; Elisabetta      Di Leo; Caterina      Foti; Antonio      Ferrannini; Lavjay      Butani

Abstract

Allopurinol, an analog of hypoxanthine has been worldwide used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout for over 40 years. Unfortunately some patients assuming this medication have developed hypersensitivity reactions ranging from mild cutaneous eruption to more severe clinical manifestations such as allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome or Steven-Johnson syndrome and lethal toxic epidermal necrolysis. Various strategies of slow desensitization have been elaborated to reintroduce allopurinol in a part of these patients, mainly patients affected by mild skin reactions as fixed drug eruption or exanthema. However, several new uricosuric therapies have been recently introduced. Actually drugs as recombinant urate oxidase and febuxostat are under post-marketing surveillance to control potential adverse effects related to their immunogenicity even.

Keywords: Allopurinol, anakinra, desensitization, febuxostat, hypersensitivity, rasburicase, hypoxanthine, gout, TNF-alpha, hyperuricemia