Abstract
The brain renin-angiotensin system enables the formation of different biological active forms of angiotensins within the brain. All enzymes and peptides necessary for the biosynthesis of these angiotensins have been recognized within the central nervous system. Since there are considerable mismatches concerning the localization of the different enzymes, this system is not fully understood. Moreover, since alternative pathways of the angiotensin biosynthesis exists, localization and generation, especially of the short forms of biologically active angiotensins, are largely enigmatic. The brain renin-angiotensin system mediates several classic physiological effects including body water balance, maintenance of blood pressure, sexual behaviors, and regulation of pituitary gland hormones. Beside these classic functions, the brain renin-angiotensin system has more subtle functions involving complex mechanisms such as learning and memory. The mechanisms of action seem to differ depending on the utilized different bioactive angiotensin fragments, which are formed by the action of a variety of enzymes. This phenomenon appears to represent an important mechanism for neuromodulation. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest that the renin-angiotensin system is involved in neurological disorders, as e.g. Alzheimers or Parkinsons disease.
Keywords: homeostasis, angiotensin peptides, neuroglia, renin, dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase, radioimmunoassays, calcium channel, mas-protooncogene
Current Protein & Peptide Science
Title: The Renin-Angiotensin System in the Mammalian Central Nervous System
Volume: 6 Issue: 4
Author(s): O. V. B. und Halbach
Affiliation:
Keywords: homeostasis, angiotensin peptides, neuroglia, renin, dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase, radioimmunoassays, calcium channel, mas-protooncogene
Abstract: The brain renin-angiotensin system enables the formation of different biological active forms of angiotensins within the brain. All enzymes and peptides necessary for the biosynthesis of these angiotensins have been recognized within the central nervous system. Since there are considerable mismatches concerning the localization of the different enzymes, this system is not fully understood. Moreover, since alternative pathways of the angiotensin biosynthesis exists, localization and generation, especially of the short forms of biologically active angiotensins, are largely enigmatic. The brain renin-angiotensin system mediates several classic physiological effects including body water balance, maintenance of blood pressure, sexual behaviors, and regulation of pituitary gland hormones. Beside these classic functions, the brain renin-angiotensin system has more subtle functions involving complex mechanisms such as learning and memory. The mechanisms of action seem to differ depending on the utilized different bioactive angiotensin fragments, which are formed by the action of a variety of enzymes. This phenomenon appears to represent an important mechanism for neuromodulation. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest that the renin-angiotensin system is involved in neurological disorders, as e.g. Alzheimers or Parkinsons disease.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
B. und Halbach V. O., The Renin-Angiotensin System in the Mammalian Central Nervous System, Current Protein & Peptide Science 2005; 6 (4) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203054546361
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203054546361 |
Print ISSN 1389-2037 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5550 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advancements in Proteomic and Peptidomic Approaches in Cancer Immunotherapy: Unveiling the Immune Microenvironment
The scope of this thematic issue centers on the integration of proteomic and peptidomic technologies into the field of cancer immunotherapy, with a particular emphasis on exploring the tumor immune microenvironment. This issue aims to gather contributions that illustrate the application of these advanced methodologies in unveiling the complex interplay ...read more
Artificial Intelligence for Protein Research
Protein research, essential for understanding biological processes and creating therapeutics, faces challenges due to the intricate nature of protein structures and functions. Traditional methods are limited in exploring the vast protein sequence space efficiently. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer promising solutions by improving predictions and speeding up ...read more
Nutrition and Metabolism in Musculoskeletal Diseases
The musculoskeletal system consists mainly of cartilage, bone, muscles, tendons, connective tissue and ligaments. Balanced metabolism is of vital importance for the homeostasis of the musculoskeletal system. A series of musculoskeletal diseases (for example, sarcopenia, osteoporosis) are resulted from the dysregulated metabolism of the musculoskeletal system. Furthermore, metabolic diseases (such ...read more
Protein Folding, Aggregation and Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation
Protein folding, misfolding and aggregation remain one of the main problems of interdisciplinary science not only because many questions are still open, but also because they are important from the point of view of practical application. Protein aggregation and formation of fibrillar structures, for example, is a hallmark of a ...read more
Related Journals
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Augmentation Strategies for Clozapine-Resistant Patients with Schizophrenia
Current Pharmaceutical Design Supramolecular Chiro-Biomedical Aspect of β-Blockers in Drug Development
Current Drug Targets Impaired Neural Transmission and Synaptic Plasticity in Superior Cervical Ganglia from β-Amyloid Rat Model of Alzheimers Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Deletion of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced CHOP Protects Microvasculature Post-Spinal Cord Injury
Current Neurovascular Research Uteroplacental Circulation and Fetal Vascular Function and Development
Current Vascular Pharmacology Recent Patents on Ophthalmic Nanoformulations and Therapeutic Implications
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation Effect on Serum Uric Acid Levels of Drugs Prescribed for Indications other than Treating Hyperuricaemia
Current Pharmaceutical Design Purification and Characterization of a Novel Lectin with Antiphytovirus Activities from the wild Mushroom Paxillus involutus
Protein & Peptide Letters Toll-Like Receptors and their Role in Renal Pathologies
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Radiation-Induced Extracranial Carotid Stenosis
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Microwave Irradiated Solid Phase and Catalyst-free Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridine Synthesis: Spectral Characterization, Fluorescence Study, and Molecular Crystal Structure
Current Chinese Chemistry Safe and Effective Delivery of Amphotericin B: A Survey of Patents
Recent Patents on Nanotechnology Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Changes in an Experimental Model of Syndrome X and Pharmacological Intervention on the Renin-Angiotensin- System
Current Vascular Pharmacology Bortezomib: A New Pro-Apoptotic Agent in Cancer Treatment
Current Cancer Drug Targets The Vasoactive Role of Nitric Oxide: Physiological and Morphological Aspects
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Recent Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension Therapy
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Novel Atypical Antipsychotics: Metabolism and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)
Current Drug Metabolism 2-Isocyanatobenzonitrile and 2-Isothiocyanatobenzonitrile - Versatile Building Blocks in Organic Synthesis
Current Organic Chemistry Effect of Depression on Self-Management Behaviors and Health Outcomes in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Current Diabetes Reviews Snake Venom Peptides and Low Mass Proteins: Molecular Tools and Therapeutic Agents
Current Medicinal Chemistry