Abstract
Graves disease (GD) is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis and often involves the orbits. Graves ophthalmopathy (GO), also known as Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), can be clinically significant and advance to sightthreatening stages. Our knowledge of the immunogenetic pathophysiology of GO is rapidly expanding. The present review is an attempt to summarize the current state of knowledge on the immunogenetics of GO. First we briefly review the epidemiology and clinical importance of GO, and then we describe in detail the macromolecular pathogenesis and finally immunogenetics of GO. Discrepancies between the results from various reports and the limitations of the available data are discussed. In particular, there is a scarcity of data from non-Asian populations. While several studies have demonstrated significant associations between polymorphisms in certain genes (especially CTLA-4, HLA-DRB-1, and TNF-α), there is a need for studies that investigate the relationship between polymorphisms and both serum and local concentrations of the resulting proteins. A complete understanding of GO susceptibility and pathogenesis has not been yet possible due to a number of important knowledge gaps that need to be filled by future research.
Keywords: Cytokine, Graves, immunogenetics, ophthalmopathy, polymorphism, autoimmunity, Thyroid Eye Disease, PATHOGENESIS, CTLA-4, HLA
Current Genomics
Title: Graves Ophthalmopathy: A Review of Immunogenetics
Volume: 12 Issue: 8
Author(s): Omid Khalilzadeh, Sina Noshad, Armin Rashidi and Aliakbar Amirzargar
Affiliation:
Keywords: Cytokine, Graves, immunogenetics, ophthalmopathy, polymorphism, autoimmunity, Thyroid Eye Disease, PATHOGENESIS, CTLA-4, HLA
Abstract: Graves disease (GD) is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis and often involves the orbits. Graves ophthalmopathy (GO), also known as Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), can be clinically significant and advance to sightthreatening stages. Our knowledge of the immunogenetic pathophysiology of GO is rapidly expanding. The present review is an attempt to summarize the current state of knowledge on the immunogenetics of GO. First we briefly review the epidemiology and clinical importance of GO, and then we describe in detail the macromolecular pathogenesis and finally immunogenetics of GO. Discrepancies between the results from various reports and the limitations of the available data are discussed. In particular, there is a scarcity of data from non-Asian populations. While several studies have demonstrated significant associations between polymorphisms in certain genes (especially CTLA-4, HLA-DRB-1, and TNF-α), there is a need for studies that investigate the relationship between polymorphisms and both serum and local concentrations of the resulting proteins. A complete understanding of GO susceptibility and pathogenesis has not been yet possible due to a number of important knowledge gaps that need to be filled by future research.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Khalilzadeh Omid, Noshad Sina, Rashidi Armin and Amirzargar Aliakbar, Graves Ophthalmopathy: A Review of Immunogenetics, Current Genomics 2011; 12 (8) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920211798120844
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920211798120844 |
Print ISSN 1389-2029 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5488 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advanced Computational Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Pharmacogenomics
In the era of personalized medicine, understanding the relationship between genetics and drug response is crucial. This issue delves into innovative methodologies, leveraging deep computational analysis and artificial intelligence, to enhance the field of Clinical Pharmacogenomics. The interdisciplinary approach harnesses the power of advanced high-throughput genotyping technologies, sophisticated computational analysis, ...read more
Applications of Single-cell Sequencing Technology in Reproductive Medicine
Single cell sequencing (SCS) technology utilizes individual cells' genetic material to sequence their genome, transcriptome, and epigenetics at the molecular level. It offers insights into cell heterogeneity and enables the study of limited biological materials. Since its recognition as a valuable technique in 2011, single cell sequencing has yielded numerous ...read more
Big Data in Cancer Research
Cancer is a significant threat to human life and health, remaining a highly aggressive killer. It is a leading cause of death worldwide and represents a crucial medical issue for humanity. However, in the past decade, the effectiveness of new synthetic anticancer agents has not matched the current clinical speculation. ...read more
Current Genomics in Cardiovascular Research
Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in the world, in recent years we have had important advances in the interaction between cardiovascular disease and genomics. In this Research Topic, we intend for researchers to present their results with a focus on basic, translational and clinical investigations associated with ...read more
Related Journals
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
The Role of Cnidaria in Drug Discovery. A Review on CNS Implications and New Perspectives
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Role of FXR in Regulating Bile Acid Homeostasis and Relevance for Human Diseases
Current Drug Targets - Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders May Endocrine Therapy be Associated with Cognitive Impairment in Breast Cancer Patients?
Clinical Cancer Drugs Epigenetic Regulation in Particulate Matter-Mediated Cardiopulmonary Toxicities: A Systems Biology Perspective
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Prophylaxis of Cancer
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews Substance Abuse, HIV-1 and Hepatitis
Current HIV Research Leptin and Interleukin-1β Modulate Neuronal Glutamate Release and Protect Against Glucose-Oxygen-Serum Deprivation
Current Neurovascular Research Investigation of <i>ACE rs4646994, MTHFR rs1801133</i> and <i>VDR rs2228570</i> Genotypes in Jordanian Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Gallium-68 in Medical Imaging
Current Radiopharmaceuticals An Overview on Fibroblast Growth Factors: Structural, Functional and Therapeutic Implications
Current Proteomics Evaluation of Osteoporosis Risk Associated with Chronic Use of Morphine, Fentanyl and Tramadol in Adult Female Rats
Current Drug Safety In Vitro Regulatory Effect of Epididymal Serpin CRES on Protease Activity of Proprotein Convertase PC4/PCSK4
Current Molecular Medicine New Strategies in Treatment of Mineral and Bone Disorders and Associated Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Comparative Study of Growth Hormone Treatment in Children with Idiopathic Short Stature and Growth Hormone Deficiency
Current Drug Metabolism Hypoxia and Inflammation in Prostate Cancer Progression. Cross-talk with Androgen and Estrogen Receptors and Cancer Stem Cells
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Pasireotide - Mechanism of Action and Clinical Applications
Current Drug Metabolism The Secretin/Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/ Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Superfamily in the Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Kisspeptin: Paving the Way to a New Therapeutic Avenue in Reproduction
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery HR+, HER2– Advanced Breast Cancer and CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Mode of Action, Clinical Activity, and Safety Profiles
Current Cancer Drug Targets PET and PET/CT: Conceptions, Misconceptions, and a Potential New Paradigm for Enhanced Metabolic Imaging
Current Medical Imaging