Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Review Article

The Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Pharmacopoeia in the Evaluation and Treatment of COVID-19

Author(s): Amin Gasmi, Sadaf Noor, Maryam Dadar, Yuliya Semenova, Alain Menzel, Asma Gasmi Benahmed and Geir Bjørklund*

Volume 30, Issue 14, 2024

Published on: 22 March, 2024

Page: [1060 - 1074] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/0113816128217263240220060252

Price: $65

Abstract

The epidemic prompted by COVID-19 continues to spread, causing a great risk to the general population's safety and health. There are still no drugs capable of curing it. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) are the two other diseases caused by coronaviruses. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) showed benefits in treating SARS and MERS by preventing the disease early, substantially mitigating symptoms, shortening the treatment period, and minimizing risks and adverse reactions caused by hormone therapy. Although several vaccines have been developed and are being used for the treatment of COVID-19, existing vaccines cannot provide complete protection against the virus due to the rapid evolution and mutation of the virus, as mutated viral epitopes evade the vaccine’s target and decrease the efficacy of vaccines. Thus, there is a need to develop alternative options. TCM has demonstrated positive effects in the treatment of COVID-19. Previous research studies on TCM showed broad-spectrum antiviral activity, offering a range of possibilities for their potential use against COVID-19. This study shed some light on common TCM used for SARS and MERS outbreaks and their effective use for COVID-19 management. This study provides new insights into COVID-19 drug discovery.

Keywords: COVID-19, traditional Chinese medicines, pneumonia, herbs, severe acute respiratory syndrome, middle East respiratory syndrome.

[1]
Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A perspective from China. Radiology 2020; 296(2): E15-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200490] [PMID: 32083985]
[2]
Dhama K, Sharun K, Tiwari R, et al. COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: Advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16(6): 1232-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1735227] [PMID: 32186952]
[3]
Gasmi A, Srinath S, Dadar M, et al. A global survey in the developmental landscape of possible vaccination strategies for COVID-19. Clin Immunol 2022; 237: 108958.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2022.108958] [PMID: 35218966]
[4]
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(8): 727-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017] [PMID: 31978945]
[5]
Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 2020; 579(7798): 265-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3] [PMID: 32015508]
[6]
Gokseven Y, Ozturk GZ, Karadeniz E, Sarı E, Tas BG , Ozdemir HM. The fear of COVID-19 infection in older people. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2022; 35(3): 460-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08919887211002651] [PMID: 33745357]
[7]
Honarmand A, Sheybani F, Aflatoonian E, Saberinia A. COVID-19 patients at referral to hospital during the first peak of disease: Common clinical findings including myalgia and fatigue. Eur J Transl Myol 2022; 32(3): 10731.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2022.10731] [PMID: 36036352]
[8]
Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, et al. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. BioRxiv 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.22.914952]
[9]
Tian S, Hu N, Lou J, et al. Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. J Infect 2020; 80(4): 401-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.018] [PMID: 32112886]
[10]
Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(13): 1199-207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316] [PMID: 31995857]
[11]
Zhou Y, Fan L, Xie DH, et al. A network pharmacology approach to explore the mechanism of action of Yiqi Fumai lyophilized injection in the treatment of novel coronavirus disease. Trad Med Res 2023; 8(3): 13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.53388/TMR20220411002]
[12]
John Hopkins University Medicine. Coronavirus resource centre. COVID-19 dashboard. Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (Accessed on: January 6, 2024).
[13]
Semenova Y, Trenina V, Pivina L, et al. The lessons of COVID-19, SARS, and MERS: Implications for preventive strategies. Int J Healthc Manag 2022; 15(4): 314-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2022.2051126]
[14]
Sanders JM, Monogue ML, Jodlowski TZ, Cutrell JB. Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review. JAMA 2020; 323(18): 1824-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019] [PMID: 32282022]
[15]
Wilder-Smith A, Chiew CJ, Lee VJ. Can we contain the COVID-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS? Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20(5): e102-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30129-8] [PMID: 32145768]
[16]
Zhong N. Management and prevention of SARS in China. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2004; 359(1447): 1115-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1491] [PMID: 15306397]
[17]
Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, et al. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(20): 1953-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030781] [PMID: 12690092]
[18]
Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Li KSM, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2005; 102(39): 14040-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506735102] [PMID: 16169905]
[19]
Chen Y, Guo JJ, Healy DP, Zhan S. Effect of integrated traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine on the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome: A meta-analysis. Pharm Pract 2007; 5(1): 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S1886-36552007000100001] [PMID: 25214911]
[20]
Wen CC, Shyur LF, Jan JT, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine herbal extracts of Cibotium barometz, Gentiana scabra, Dioscorea batatas, Cassia tora, and Taxillus chinensis inhibit SARS-CoV replication. J Tradit Complement Med 2011; 1(1): 41-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2225-4110(16)30055-4] [PMID: 24716104]
[21]
Zhang MM, Liu X-M, He L. Effect of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine on SARS: A review of clinical evidence. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10(23): 3500-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v10.i23.3500] [PMID: 15526373]
[22]
Chen Z, Nakamura T. Statistical evidence for the usefulness of Chinese medicine in the treatment of SARS. Phytother Res 2004; 18(7): 592-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1485] [PMID: 15305324]
[23]
Lau TF, Leung PC, Wong ELY, et al. Using herbal medicine as a means of prevention experience during the SARS crisis. Am J Chin Med 2005; 33(3): 345-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X05002965] [PMID: 16047553]
[24]
Poon PMK, Wong CK, Fung KP, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of a traditional Chinese medicine with potential antiviral activity: A self-control study. Am J Chin Med 2006; 34(1): 13-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X0600359X] [PMID: 16437735]
[25]
Gachelin G, Garner P, Ferroni E, Tröhler U, Chalmers I. Evaluating Cinchona bark and quinine for treating and preventing malaria. J R Soc Med 2017; 110(1): 31-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141076816681421] [PMID: 28106483]
[26]
Kuttithodi AM, Narayanankutty A, Visakh NU, et al. Chemical composition of the Cinnamomum malabatrum leaf essential oil and analysis of its antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and antibacterial activities. Antibiotics 2023; 12(5): 940.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050940] [PMID: 37237843]
[27]
Narayanankutty A, Visakh NU, Sasidharan A, et al. Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer activities of essential oils extracted from Citrus limetta risso peel waste remains after commercial use. Molecules 2022; 27(23): 8329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238329] [PMID: 36500421]
[28]
Rastija V, Vrandečić K, , Ćosić J , et al. Antifungal activities of fluorinated pyrazole aldehydes on phytopathogenic fungi, and their effect on entomopathogenic nematodes, and soil-beneficial bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24(11): 9335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119335] [PMID: 37298285]
[29]
Narayanankutty A, Kunnath K, Alfarhan A, Rajagopal R, Ramesh V. Chemical composition of Cinnamomum verum leaf and flower essential oils and analysis of their antibacterial, insecticidal, and larvicidal properties. Molecules 2021; 26(20): 6303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206303] [PMID: 34684884]
[30]
Di Sotto A, Vitalone A, Giacomo DS. Plant-derived nutraceuticals and immune system modulation: An evidence-based overview. Vaccines 2020; 8(3): 468.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030468] [PMID: 32842641]
[31]
Ashique S, Sandhu NK. “Ayurvedic System”: A new possible safe and effective way to get rid of this critical COVID-19 pandemic situation-A review. Curr Tradit Med 2022; 8(1): e130421192818.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215083807666210413113113]
[32]
Girija PLT, Sivan N. Ayurvedic treatment of COVID-19: A case report. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13(1): 100329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2020.06.001] [PMID: 32680602]
[33]
Huang K, Zhang P, Zhang Z, et al. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in the treatment of COVID-19 and other viral infections: Efficacies and mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225: 107843.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107843] [PMID: 33811957]
[34]
Kuchta K, Cameron S, Lee M, Cai SQ, Shoyama Y. Which East Asian herbal medicines can decrease viral infections? Phytochem Rev 2022; 21(1): 219-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-021-09756-2] [PMID: 34466134]
[35]
Masui S, Nabeshima S, Ajisaka K, et al. Maoto, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, inhibits uncoating of influenza virus. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017; 2017: 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1062065] [PMID: 28904550]
[36]
Wolkerstorfer A, Kurz H, Bachhofner N, Szolar OHJ. Glycyrrhizin inhibits influenza A virus uptake into the cell. Antiviral Res 2009; 83(2): 171-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.04.012] [PMID: 19416738]
[37]
Huan C, Xu Y, Zhang W, Guo T, Pan H, Gao S. Research progress on the antiviral activity of glycyrrhizin and its derivatives in liquorice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12: 680674.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.680674] [PMID: 34295250]
[38]
Wang L, Zhang RM, Liu GY, et al. Chinese herbs in treatment of influenza: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Respir Med 2010; 104(9): 1362-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2010.05.015] [PMID: 20573492]
[39]
Ebrahimi E, Jazayeri MSM, Rezaee M-B, Parsania M. Antiviral effects of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. and Ruta graveolens L. extract on acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1. J Med Plants By-prod 2021; 10(1): 103-8.
[40]
Athiban P, Borthakur B, Ganesan S, Swathika B. Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of Aloe vera and its effectiveness in decontaminating gutta percha cones. J Conserv Dent 2012; 15(3): 246-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.97949] [PMID: 22876011]
[41]
Alhussani R, Hamad A, Ajeel H. Study of the efficacy of Aloe vera extracts in treatment of non-infected wounds induced by sulferric acid and infected wounds with Staphylococcus aureus. Int J 2015; 3(1): 593-601.
[42]
Royani A, Hanafi M, Julistiono H, Manaf A. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Aloe vera and Morinda citrifolia extracts as antibacterial material against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mater Today Proc 2023; 72: 2796-802.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.466]
[43]
Feng X, Cao S, Qiu F, Zhang B. Traditional application and modern pharmacological research of Artemisia annua L. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216: 107650.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107650] [PMID: 32758647]
[44]
Elfawal MA, Towler MJ, Reich NG, Golenbock D, Weathers PJ, Rich SM. Dried whole plant Artemisia annua as an antimalarial therapy. PLoS One 2012; 7(12): e52746.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052746] [PMID: 23289055]
[45]
Udoh I, Nworu C, Eleazar C, Onyemelukwe F. Antibacterial profile of extracts of Combretum micranthum G. Don against resistant and sensitive nosocomial isolates. J Appl Pharm Sci 2012; 02(04): 142-6.
[46]
Halilu M, Yahaya M, Dangoggo S, et al. Isolation and characterization of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from the leaves of Combretum micranthum (Altum) combretaceae. Int J Sci Glob Sustain 2016; 2(2): 6.
[47]
Ross SM. Echinacea purpurea. Holist Nurs Pract 2016; 30(1): 54-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000130] [PMID: 26633727]
[48]
Wijesundara N, Rupasinghe H. Bactericidal and anti-biofilm activity of ethanol extracts derived from selected medicinal plants against Streptococcus pyogenes. Molecules 2019; 24(6): 1165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061165] [PMID: 30909644]
[49]
Khalaf RF, Mahdi WM. Evaluation of the efficacy of alcoholic extracts of Echinacea purpurea and Aloe vera against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different infections. HIV Nurs 2023; 23(2): 737-43.
[50]
Dhama K, Sharun K, Gugjoo MB, et al. A comprehensive review on chemical profile and pharmacological activities of Ocimum basilicum. Food Rev Int 2023; 39(1): 119-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1900230]
[51]
Singh NA, Kumar P. Jyoti, Kumar N. Spices and herbs: Potential antiviral preventives and immunity boosters during COVID-19. Phytother Res 2021; 35(5): 2745-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7019] [PMID: 33511704]
[52]
Yucharoen R, Anuchapreeda S, Tragoolpua Y. Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of extracts from the culinary herbs Ocimum sanctum L., Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum americanum L. Afr J Biotechnol 2011; 10(5): 860-6.
[53]
Kim EH, Kim SW, Park SJ, et al. Greater efficacy of black ginseng (CJ EnerG) over red ginseng against lethal influenza A virus infection. Nutrients 2019; 11(8): 1879.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081879] [PMID: 31412594]
[54]
Kim YR, Yang CS. Protective roles of ginseng against bacterial infection. Microb Cell 2018; 5(11): 472-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15698/mic2018.11.654] [PMID: 30483519]
[55]
Chauhan R, Ruby K, Shori A, Dwivedi J. Solanum nigrum with dynamic therapeutic role: A review. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2012; 15(1): 65-71.
[56]
Javed T, Ashfaq UA, Riaz S, Rehman S, Riazuddin S. In-vitro antiviral activity of Solanum nigrum against hepatitis C virus. Virol J 2011; 8(1): 26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-26] [PMID: 21247464]
[57]
Kekuda TR, Kavya R, Shrungashree RM, Suchitra SV. Screening of selected single and polyherbal ayurvedic medicines for antibacterial and antifungal activity. Anc Sci Life 2010; 29(3): 22-5.
[PMID: 22557355]
[58]
Jain A, Garg N. Amalaki: A review on functional and pharmacological properties. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2016; (3): 4378-82.
[59]
Gupta A. Management of Herpes zoster (Visarpa) through ayurvedic approach: A case report. AYU-CaRe 2021; 4(3): 90-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jacr.jacr_16_21]
[60]
Perera WPRT, Liyanage JA, Dissanayake KGC, et al. Antiviral potential of selected medicinal herbs and their isolated natural products. BioMed Res Int 2021; 2021: 1-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7872406] [PMID: 34926691]
[61]
Rizwana H, Al Hazzani AA, Shehata AI, Moubayed NMS. Antibacterial potential of Withania somnifera L. against human pathogenic bacteria. Afr J Microbiol Res 2012; 6(22): 4810-5.
[62]
Mehta J, Utkarsh K, Fuloria S, et al. Antibacterial potential of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. and its bioactive molecules against uropathogens-an in silico study to identify potential lead molecule(s) for the development of new drugs to treat urinary tract infections. Molecules 2022; 27(15): 4971.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154971] [PMID: 35956923]
[63]
Sulochana MK, Kothandan S, Purushothaman I, George SP, Purushothaman SR. Molecular docking and density function theory studies of compounds from Euphorbia hirta and Bacopa monnieri to zika virus structural and nonstructural proteins. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 14(57): 481-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_89_17]
[64]
Paul A, Vibhuti A, Raj VS. Evaluation of antiviral activity of Andrographis paniculata and Tinospora cordifolia using in silico and in vitro assay against DENV-2. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2021; 10(2): 486-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2021.v10.i2f.13847]
[65]
Singh S, Devi P. Pharmacological potential of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex hook. & Thoms. (Giloy): A review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2017; 6(6): 1644-7.
[66]
Royani A, Hanafi M, Julistiono H, Dinoto A, Lotulung PDN, Manaf A. The potential of Tinospora cordifolia extracts as antibacterial material against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Trend Sci 2023; 20(1): 3884.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.3884]
[67]
Bag A, Bhattacharyya SK, Pal NK, Chattopadhyay RR. In vitro antimicrobial potential of Terminalia chebula fruit extracts against multidrug-resistant uropathogens. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2(3): S1883-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60514-0]
[68]
Kesharwani A, Polachira SK, Nair R, Agarwal A, Mishra NN, Gupta SK. Anti-HSV-2 activity of Terminalia chebula Retz extract and its constituents, chebulagic and chebulinic acids. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017; 17(1): 110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1620-8] [PMID: 28196487]
[69]
Ashrafi S, Rahman M, Ahmed P, Alam S, Hossain MA. Prospective Asian plants with corroborated antiviral potentials: Position standing in recent years. Beni Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 2022; 11(1): 47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43088-022-00218-y] [PMID: 35402627]
[70]
Walia S, Singh M. Tracing plants potential effective against dengue virus: A review. Int J Innovat Res Multidisciplinar Field 2021; 7(5): 1-7.
[71]
Kaviya M, Balasubramanian B, Bharathi K, et al. Evaluation of nutritional substances and investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of Boerhavia diffusa with in silico molecular docking. Molecules 2022; 27(4): 1280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041280] [PMID: 35209067]
[72]
Prisinda D, Setiawan AS, Fitriadi F. Antibacterial potential of Ocimum sanctum oils in relation to Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Dent J 2018; 51(3): 104-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i3.p104-107]
[73]
Varshney KK, Varshney M, Nath B. Molecular modeling of isolated phytochemicals from Ocimum sanctum towards exploring potential inhibitors of SARS coronavirus main protease and papain-like protease to treat COVID-19 Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3554371
[74]
Parveen R, Shamsi TN, Singh G, Athar T, Fatima S. Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro biochemical characterization of aqueous and methanolic extract of triphala, a conventional herbal remedy. Biotechnol Rep 2018; 17: 126-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2018.02.003] [PMID: 29619331]
[75]
Kumar NS, Nair AS, Nair AM, Murali M. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of triphala –A literature review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2016; 5(3): 23-7.
[76]
Omran Z, Bader A, Porta A, et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Triphala constituents and nanoformulation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020; 2020: 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6976973] [PMID: 32831876]
[77]
Song L, Hu X, Ren X, Liu J, Liu X. Antibacterial modes of herbal flavonoids combat resistant bacteria. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13: 873374.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.873374] [PMID: 35847042]
[78]
Li J, Feng S, Liu X, et al. Effects of traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients on drug-resistant bacteria. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13: 837907.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.837907] [PMID: 35721131]
[79]
Luo C, Ma L, Liu H, et al. Research progress on main symptoms of novel coronavirus pneumonia improved by traditional Chinese medicine. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11: 556885.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.556885] [PMID: 33013395]
[80]
Yu C, Yang B. Traditional Chinese Medicine. Springer 2020.
[81]
Flower A, Wang LQ, Lewith G, Liu JP, Li Q. Chinese herbal medicine for treating recurrent urinary tract infections in women. Cochrane Libr 2015; 2017(6): CD010446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010446.pub2] [PMID: 26040964]
[82]
Li Y, Zou M, Han Q, Deng L, Weinshilboum RM. Therapeutic potential of triterpenoid saponin anemoside B4 from Pulsatilla chinensis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160: 105079.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105079] [PMID: 32679180]
[83]
Huang S-T, Lai H-C, Lin Y-C, et al. Principles and treatment strategies for the use of Chinese herbal medicine in patients at different stages of coronavirus infection. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10(7): 2010-31.
[PMID: 32774998]
[84]
Jian-Hui L. A handbook of traditional Chinese dermatology. Blue Poppy Enterprises, Inc. 1993.
[85]
Xiao Y, Liu Y, Yu K, Ouyang M, Luo R, Zhao X. Chinese herbal medicine Liu Jun Zi Tang and Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang for functional dyspepsia: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012; 2012: 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/936459] [PMID: 23304226]
[86]
Fu M, Liu Y, Cheng H, Xu K, Wang G. Coptis chinensis and dried ginger herb combination inhibits gastric tumor growth by interfering with glucose metabolism via LDHA and SLC2A1. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 284: 114771.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114771] [PMID: 34737010]
[87]
Borrelli F, Izzo AA. The plant kingdom as a source of anti-ulcer remedies. Phytother Res 2000; 14(8): 581-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200012)14:8<581:AID-PTR776>3.0.CO;2-S]
[88]
Chen G, Zhao J, Chen T, et al. Efficacy and safety of Xiaofeng powder (Xiao Feng San) in treating urticaria. Medicine 2018; 97(45): e13039.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000013039] [PMID: 30407300]
[89]
Wang L, Wang P, Chen Y, et al. Explore the network pharmacology and molecular docking mechanism of Chaihu Shugan powder with the “Same Treatment for Different Diseases” for insomnia and depression based on the COVID-19 pandemic. 2022.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1332355/v1]
[90]
Hackett ES, Twedt DC, Gustafson DL. Milk thistle and its derivative compounds: A review of opportunities for treatment of liver disease. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27(1): 10-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12002] [PMID: 23140176]
[91]
Guo H, Mao J, Qian X, Sun C, Sun H. Varicella-zoster virus prophylaxis with the traditional Chinese medicine Radix isatidis (Banlangen) in patients with multiple myeloma treated with bortezomib. J Altern Complement Med 2011; 17(11): 985-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2011.0386] [PMID: 22087609]
[92]
Wang K, Coyle ME, Mansu S, Zhang AL, Xue C. Long Dan Xie Gan Tang formula in the management of herpes zoster: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 74(5): S1.
[93]
Yu JS, Ho CH, Hsu YC, Wang JJ, Hsieh CL. Traditional Chinese medicine treatments for upper respiratory tract infections/common colds in Taiwan. Eur J Integr Med 2014; 6(5): 538-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2014.06.003] [PMID: 32288884]
[94]
Hu XY, Wu RH, Logue M, et al. Andrographis paniculata (ChuānXīn Lián) for symptomatic relief of acute respiratory tract infections in adults and children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12(8): e0181780.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181780] [PMID: 28783743]
[95]
Hai-long Z, Shimin C, Yalan L. Some Chinese folk prescriptions for wind-cold type common cold. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 5(3): 135-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.035] [PMID: 26151024]
[96]
Zheng N, Dai J, Cao H, et al. Current understanding on antihepatocarcinoma effects of Xiao Chai Hu Tang and its constituents. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013: 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/529458] [PMID: 23853661]
[97]
Li J, Zhang K, Bao J, Yang J, Wu C. Potential mechanism of action of Jing Fang Bai Du San in the treatment of COVID-19 using docking and network pharmacology. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19(2): 213-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.67116] [PMID: 35165507]
[98]
Kong DZ, Liang N, Yang GL, et al. Xiao Chai Hu Tang, a herbal medicine, for chronic hepatitis B. Cochrane Libr 2019; 2019(11): 1-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013090.pub2] [PMID: 31697415]
[99]
Liu Y, Chen M, Guo Q, Li Y, Jiang J, Shi J. Aromatic compounds from an aqueous extract of “Ban Lan Gen” and their antiviral activities. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7(2): 179-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2016.09.004] [PMID: 28303224]
[100]
Xiao J, Wu J, Yu B. Therapeutic efficacy of Youdujing preparation in treating cervical high-risk human papilloma virus infection patients. Chin J Integr Med 2012; 32(9): 1212-5.
[101]
Yarnell E. Herbs against human papillomavirus. Altern Complement Ther 2015; 21(2): 71-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/act.2015.21205]
[102]
Liu T, Xin B, Zhang Q, et al. Exploring the molecular mechanism of Huangqin-Jinyinhua couplet medicines for the treatment of hand-foot and mouth disease using network pharmacology, molecular docking and bioinformatics databases. Intellig Pharm 2023; 1(2): 106-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ipha.2023.04.007]
[103]
Ali-Seyed M, Vijayaraghavan K. Dengue virus infections and anti-dengue virus activities of Andrographis paniculata. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2020; 13(2): 49-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.275412]
[104]
Liu ZB, Yang JP, Xu LR. Effectiveness and safety of traditional Chinese medicine in treating acquired immune deficiency syndrome: 2004-2014. Infect Dis Poverty 2015; 4(1): 59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40249-015-0093-6] [PMID: 26699285]
[105]
Zou W, Liu Y, Wang J, Li H, Liao X. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines for treating HIV infections and AIDS. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012; 2012: 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/950757] [PMID: 23326295]
[106]
Tahmasbi SF, Revell MA, Tahmasebi N. Herbal medication to enhance or modulate viral infections. Nurs Clin North Am 2021; 56(1): 79-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2020.10.007] [PMID: 33549288]
[107]
Chime SA, Madumere CP. Herbal medicines as potential immune boosters against coronavirus diseases. Curr Tradit Med 2023; 9(2): e290322202751.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215083808666220329122149]
[108]
Wang FC, Han P, Li H, et al. Advantages and prospects of traditional Chinese medicine in treating COVID-19. Trad Med Res 2023; 8(4): 22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.53388/TMR20220809001]
[109]
Chen YH, Yin MQ, Fan LH, et al. Bibliometric analysis of traditional Chinese medicine research on heart failure in the 21st century based on the WOS database. Heliyon 2023; 9(1): e12770.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12770] [PMID: 36691539]
[110]
Zheng S, Yang L, Zhou P, Li H, Liu F, Zhao R. Recommendations and guidance for providing pharmaceutical care services during COVID-19 pandemic: A China perspective. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17(1): 1819-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.012] [PMID: 32249102]
[111]
Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, et al. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 2020; 395(10236): 1569-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9] [PMID: 32423584]
[112]
Jin D, Wang J, Xue J, et al. Contribution of Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID -19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2023; 37(3): 1015-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7669] [PMID: 36382689]
[113]
Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - An update on the status. Mil Med Res 2020; 7(1): 11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0] [PMID: 31928528]
[114]
Semenova Y, Pivina L, Khismetova Z, et al. Anticipating the need for healthcare resources following the escalation of the COVID-19 outbreak in the Republic of Kazakhstan. J Prev Med Public Health 2020; 53(6): 387-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.395] [PMID: 33296578]
[115]
Aliabadi AMH, Keihan ER, Parikhani BA, et al. COVID-19: A systematic review and update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. MedComm 2022; 3(1): e115.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mco2.115] [PMID: 35281790]
[116]
Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun 2020; 109: 102433.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433] [PMID: 32113704]
[117]
Carlos WG, Dela Cruz CS, Cao B, Pasnick S, Jamil S. Novel Wuhan (2019-nCoV) coronavirus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201(4): 7-P8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2014P7] [PMID: 32004066]
[118]
Guo FL, Tao W,, Ming WX, Ping W. Discussion on etiology and pathogenesis of corona virus disease 2019 from “Cold-dampness and insidious dryness”. Digit Chin Med 2020; 3(1): 50-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2020.03.006]
[119]
Yan DX, Yu XP, Shi KH, Song WB, Zhang HY, Wei JL. Discussion about treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome based on syndrome differentiation. J Chin Integr Med 2004; 2(4): 241-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3736/jcim20040401] [PMID: 15339403]
[120]
Li M, Yang X, Li K, Xie Y. Traditional Chinese medicine for novel coronavirus pneumonia treatment: Main force or supplement? Trad Med Res 2020; 5(2): 62-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.53388/TMR20200204158]
[121]
Zhao M, Chen Y, Wang C, et al. Systems pharmacology dissection of multi-scale mechanisms of action of Huo-Xiang-Zheng-Qi formula for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9: 1448.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01448] [PMID: 30687082]
[122]
Cui H, Li Y, Guo L, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019: A review. Trad Med Res 2020; 5(2): 65-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.53388/TMR20200222165]
[123]
Zhu Y, Han Q, Wang L, et al. Jinhua Qinggan granules attenuates acute lung injury by promotion of neutrophil apoptosis and inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 301: 115763.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.115763] [PMID: 36183949]
[124]
Tao Z, Yang Y, Shi W, et al. Complementary and alternative medicine is expected to make greater contribution in controlling the prevalence of influenza. Biosci Trends 2013; 7(5): 253-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5582/bst.2013.v7.5.253] [PMID: 24241177]
[125]
Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ 2020; 368: m606.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m606] [PMID: 32075786]
[126]
Wang Z, Yang L. Chinese herbal medicine: Fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection on all fronts. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 270: 113869.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113869] [PMID: 33485973]
[127]
Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46(5): 846-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x] [PMID: 32125452]
[128]
Ji S, Bai Q, Wu X, et al. Unique synergistic antiviral effects of Shufeng Jiedu capsule and oseltamivir in influenza A viral-induced acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 121: 109652.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109652] [PMID: 31734578]
[129]
Lin Y, Yang X, Lu M, et al. Herbal compound triptolide synergistically enhanced antitumor activity of vasostatin120-180. Anticancer Drugs 2013; 24(9): 945-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CAD.0b013e3283651862] [PMID: 23958791]
[130]
Cheng L, Li F, Ma R, Hu X. Forsythiaside inhibits cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation by activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of NF-κB. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28(1): 494-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2015.07.011] [PMID: 26209933]
[131]
Xi Z, Zhou J, Mei J, et al. Effect of Shufeng Jiedu capsule on the fever caused by viral upper respiratory tract infection: A report of 130 cases. J Tradit Chin Med 2010; 51: 426-7.
[132]
Lv W, Zhu T, Qiu H, Hu T, Huang S. Pharmacodynamic study on antiviral and antibacterial effects of Shufeng Jiedu capsules in vitro. Trad Chin Drug Res Clin Pharma 2013; 3: 234-8.
[133]
Li Y, Chang N, Han Y, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of Shufeng Jiedu capsule for upper respiratory infection via the ERK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94: 758-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.118] [PMID: 28802227]
[134]
Tao Z, Meng X, Han Y, et al. Therapeutic mechanistic studies of Shufeng Jiedu capsule in an acute lung injury animal model using quantitative proteomics technology. J Proteome Res 2017; 16(11): 4009-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00409] [PMID: 28880561]
[135]
Tao Z, Gao J, Zhang G, et al. Shufeng Jiedu capsule protect against acute lung injury by suppressing the mAPK/NF-κB pathway. Biosci Trends 2014; 8(1): 45-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5582/bst.8.45] [PMID: 24647112]
[136]
Yuan Y, Liao Q, Xue M, et al. Shufeng Jiedu capsules alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung inflammatory injury via activation of GPR18 by verbenalin. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 50(2): 629-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000494184] [PMID: 30308517]
[137]
Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends 2020; 14(1): 69-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01020] [PMID: 31996494]
[138]
Lin S, Wang X, Guo H, et al. The ethanol extract of evodiae fructus and its ingredient, rutaecarpine, inhibit infection of SARS-CoV-2 and inflammatory responses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24(1): 762.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010762] [PMID: 36614206]
[139]
Lee DYW, Li QY, Liu J, Efferth T. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine at the forefront battle against COVID-19: Clinical experience and scientific basis. Phytomedicine 2021; 80: 153337.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153337] [PMID: 33221457]
[140]
Zhang D, Zhang X, Peng B, et al. Network pharmacology suggests biochemical rationale for treating COVID-19 symptoms with a traditional Chinese medicine. Commun Biol 2020; 3(1): 466.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01190-y] [PMID: 32811894]
[141]
Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, et al. Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19. JAMA 2020; 323(14): 1406-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2565] [PMID: 32083643]
[142]
Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 514-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9] [PMID: 31986261]
[143]
Han L, Wei XX, Zheng YJ, et al. Potential mechanism prediction of Cold-Damp Plague Formula against COVID-19 via network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking. Chin Med 2020; 15(1): 78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13020-020-00360-8] [PMID: 32754224]
[144]
Nishi A, Kaifuchi N, Shimobori C, et al. Effects of maoto (Ma-huang-Tang) on host lipid mediator and transcriptome signature in influenza virus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11(1): 4232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82707-1] [PMID: 33608574]
[145]
Ang L, Lee HW, Choi JY, Zhang J, Lee MS. Herbal medicine and pattern identification for treating COVID-19: A rapid review of guidelines. Integr Med Res 2020; 9(2): 100407.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2020.100407] [PMID: 32289016]
[146]
Liu J, Manheimer E, Shi Y, Gluud C. Chinese herbal medicine for severe acute respiratory syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med 2004; 10(6): 1041-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2004.10.1041] [PMID: 15674000]
[147]
Li Y, Liu X, Guo L, et al. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2020; 9(1): 75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01343-4] [PMID: 32268923]
[148]
Zhang B, Qi F. Herbal medicines exhibit a high affinity for ACE2 in treating COVID-19. Biosci Trends 2023; 17(1): 14-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5582/bst.2022.01534] [PMID: 36596560]
[149]
Hempen C-H, Fischer T. A materia medica for Chinese medicine: plants, minerals, and animal products. Elsevier Health Sciences 2009.
[150]
Luo H, Tang Q, Shang Y, et al. Can Chinese medicine be used for prevention of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? A review of historical classics, research evidence and current prevention programs. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 26(4): 243-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11655-020-3192-6] [PMID: 32065348]
[151]
Liu X, Zhang M, He L, Li Y. Chinese herbs combined with Western medicine for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Cochrane Libr 2012; 10(10): CD004882.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004882.pub3] [PMID: 23076910]
[152]
Chen XY, Wu TX, Liu GJ, et al. Chinese medicinal herbs for influenza. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 2007(4): CD004559.
[PMID: 17943819]
[153]
Yang Y, Islam MS, Wang J, Li Y, Chen X. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A review and perspective. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16(10): 1708-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45538] [PMID: 32226288]
[154]
Zhang S, Yan X, Gao P, et al. Analysis of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in plateau areas. Chin Crit Care Med 2022; 34(12): 1330-2.
[PMID: 36567593]
[155]
Wang S, Wang Y, Lu Y, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. J Integr Med 2020; 18(4): 275-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2020.04.001] [PMID: 32446813]
[156]
Tilburt J, Kaptchuk TJ. Herbal medicine research and global health: An ethical analysis. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86(8): 594-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.07.042820] [PMID: 18797616]
[157]
Wang ZF, Wang YP, Zhang HM, Fan YP, Lü C, Wang YY. Thinking on clinical rational use of TCM injection in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Chin Med J 2020; 100(14): 1044-7.
[PMID: 32294864]
[158]
Wang Z, Li L, Song M, Yan J, Shi J, Yao Y. Evaluating the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) officially recommended in China for COVID-19 using ontology-based side-effect prediction framework (OSPF) and deep learning. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 272: 113957.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113957] [PMID: 33631276]
[159]
Zhang J, Dong X, Cao Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy 2020; 75(7): 1730-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.14238] [PMID: 32077115]
[160]
Chan KW, Wong VT, Tang SCW. COVID-19: An update on the epidemiological, clinical, preventive and therapeutic evidence and guidelines of integrative Chinese-Western medicine for the management of 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Am J Chin Med 2020; 48(3): 737-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X20500378] [PMID: 32164424]
[161]
Chen H, Du Q. Potential natural compounds for preventing 2019-nCoV infection. Preprints 2020; 2020010358.
[162]
Yang L, Li Y, Miao J, et al. Network pharmacology studies on the effect of Chai-Ling decoction in coronavirus disease 2019. Trad Med Res 2020; 5(3): 145-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.53388/TMR20200324170]
[163]
Xiao G, Song K, Yuan C. A literature report on the treatment of SARS by stages with traditional Chinese medicine. J Emerg Chin Med Hunan 2005; 2005: 53-5.
[164]
Bao L, Ma J. Research progress of Da Yuan Yin on the treatment of infectious diseases. J Emerg Tradit Chin Med 2010; 2: 263-87.
[165]
Sun S, Shi Y, Yan H, et al. Xiyanping injection in treatment of viral pneumonia in children: A meta-analysis of random control trials. Chin Herb Med 2015; 7(2): 173-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60035-1]
[166]
Song Y, Yao C, Yao Y, et al. XueBiJing injection versus placebo for critically ill patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia: A randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2019; 47(9): e735-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003842] [PMID: 31162191]
[167]
Liu W, Jiang H, Cai L, Yan M, Dong S, Mao B. Tanreqing injection attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation through MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways in rats model. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016; 2016: 1-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5292346]
[168]
Zhang YM, Qu XY, Zhai JH, et al. Xingnaojing injection protects against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury via PI3K/Akt-mediated eNOS phosphorylation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018; 2018: 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2361046] [PMID: 30158991]
[169]
Liang X, Zhou M, Ge X-Y, et al. Efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine on sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8(11): 20024-34.
[PMID: 26884914]
[170]
Zong Y, Ding ML, Jia KK, Ma ST, Ju WZ. Exploring active compounds of Da-Yuan-Yin in treatment of COVID-19 based on network pharmacology and molecular docking method. Chin Tradit Herbal Drugs 2020; 51(4): 836-44.
[171]
Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen F, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends 2020; 14(1): 64-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01030] [PMID: 32037389]
[172]
Wu J, Cheng Z, He S, et al. Pinelliae rhizoma, a toxic chinese herb, can significantly inhibit CYP3A activity in rats. Molecules 2015; 20(1): 792-806.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules20010792] [PMID: 25574821]
[173]
Xu J, Zhang Y. Traditional Chinese medicine treatment of COVID-19. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39: 101165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101165] [PMID: 32379692]
[174]
He JY, Ma N, Zhu S, Komatsu K, Li ZY, Fu WM. The genus Codonopsis (Campanulaceae): A review of phytochemistry, bioactivity and quality control. J Nat Med 2015; 69(1): 1-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11418-014-0861-9] [PMID: 25099952]
[175]
Zhao X, Dai X, Wang S, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine integrated with chemotherapy for stage II-IIIA patients with non-small-cell lung cancer after radical surgery: A retrospective clinical analysis with small sample size. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018; 2018: 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4369027] [PMID: 30147731]
[176]
Chen X, Nie H, Liu W, et al. Efficacy and safety of Hou Gu Mi Xi on spleen qi deficiency in patients with nonorganic gastrointestinal disorders: Protocol for a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018; 2018: 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1980491] [PMID: 30622590]
[177]
Wu T, Yang X, Zeng X, Poole P. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of acute respiratory tract infections. Respir Med 2008; 102(8): 1093-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2008.03.015] [PMID: 18590956]
[178]
Yarnell E. Herbs for viral respiratory infections. Altern Complement Ther 2018; 24(1): 35-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/act.2017.29150.eya]
[179]
Szopa A, Ekiert R, Ekiert H. Current knowledge of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Chinese magnolia vine) as a medicinal plant species: A review on the bioactive components, pharmacological properties, analytical and biotechnological studies. Phytochem Rev 2017; 16(2): 195-218.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-016-9470-4] [PMID: 28424569]
[180]
Luo L, Jiang J, Wang C, et al. Analysis on herbal medicines utilized for treatment of COVID-19. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10(7): 1192-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.007] [PMID: 32834949]
[181]
Bensky D, Clavey S, Stoger E, Gamble A. Chinese herbal medicine. In: Materia medica 3rd ed. Seattle, WA, USA: Eastland Press 2004.
[182]
Badanta B, García MA, Jiménez ÁE, Lucchetti G, de Cordero DR. The use of complementary and traditional medicine for the treatment of patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. Explore (NY) 2023; 19(5): 646-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2023.02.005] [PMID: 36828766]
[183]
Yang Z, Liu Y, Wang L, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine against COVID-19: Role of the gut microbiota. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149: 112787.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112787] [PMID: 35279010]
[184]
He W, Shi X-S, Zhang Z-Y, et al. Discussion on the effect pathways of preventing and treating coronavirus disease 2019 by acupuncture and moxibustion from the regulation of immune inflammatory response. Chin Acupunct 2020; 40(8): 799-802.
[PMID: 32869585]
[185]
Gómez GO, Carralero WJ. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of COVID-19. Int J Acupunct 2020; 14(3): 123-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acu.2020.07.001]
[186]
Ni L, Wen Z, Hu X, et al. Effects of Shuanghuanglian oral liquids on patients with COVID-19: A randomized, open-label, parallel-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. Front Med 2021; 15(5): 704-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11684-021-0853-6] [PMID: 33909260]
[187]
Zeng C, Yuan Z, Zhu J, et al. Therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine (Maxingshigan-Weijing decoction) on COVID-19: An open-label randomized controlled trial. Integr Med Res 2021; 10: 100782.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2021.100782] [PMID: 34660195]
[188]
Zhang XY, Lv L, Zhou YL, et al. Efficacy and safety of Xiyanping injection in the treatment of COVID-19: A multicenter, prospective, open-label and randomized controlled trial. Phytother Res 2021; 35(8): 4401-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7141] [PMID: 33979464]
[189]
Su YC, Huang GJ, Lin JG. Chinese herbal prescriptions for COVID-19 management: Special reference to Taiwan Chingguan Yihau (NRICM101). Front Pharmacol 2022; 13: 928106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.928106] [PMID: 36278162]
[190]
Kang X, Jin D, Jiang L, et al. Efficacy and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine for COVID-19: A systematic review. Chin Med 2022; 17(1): 30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13020-022-00587-7] [PMID: 35227280]
[191]
Shah T, Xia KY, Shah Z, Baloch Z. Therapeutic mechanisms and impact of traditional Chinese medicine on COVID-19 and other influenza diseases. Pharmacol Res - Mod Chin Med. 2022; 2: 100029.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2021.100029]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy