Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Review Article

Anticoagulation in Patients with Atrial High-rate Episodes Detected by Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices

Author(s): Michael Spartalis*, Christos Kontogiannis, Eleftherios Spartalis, Dimitrios C. Iliopoulos and Gerasimos Siasos

Volume 30, Issue 7, 2024

Published on: 09 February, 2024

Page: [485 - 488] Pages: 4

DOI: 10.2174/0113816128291822240131063712

Price: $65

Abstract

Atrial high-rate episodes (AHRE) are atrial tachyarrhythmias that are identified by the use of continuous rhythm monitoring devices such as pacemakers, defibrillators, or implantable cardiac monitors. Nevertheless, the therapeutic implications of these rhythm disturbances remain uncertain. The presence of AHRE is associated with an increased risk of stroke as compared to patients who do not exhibit AHRE. The utilisation of oral anticoagulation has the ability to mitigate the likelihood of stroke occurrence in patients with AHRE. However, it is important to note that this treatment approach is also linked to a severe bleeding rate of approximately 2% per year. The stroke rate among individuals diagnosed with AHRE appears to be comparatively lower when compared to patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. The efficacy and safety of anticoagulation in patients with AHRE have yet to be definitively established. Further research is required to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulation in individuals with AHRE.

Keywords: Atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation, prevention, stroke, cardiac device, pacemaker.

Next »
[1]
Freedman B, Boriani G, Glotzer TV, Healey JS, Kirchhof P, Potpara TS. Management of atrial high-rate episodes detected by cardiac implanted electronic devices. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14(12): 701-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2017.94] [PMID: 28682320]
[2]
Lip GYH, Proietti M, Potpara T, et al. Atrial fibrillation and stroke prevention: 25 years of research at EP Europace journal. Europace 2023; 25(9): euad226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euad226] [PMID: 37622590]
[3]
Miyazawa K, Pastori D, Martin DT, Choucair WK, Halperin JL, Lip GYH. Characteristics of patients with atrial high rate episodes detected by implanted defibrillator and resynchronization devices. Europace 2022; 24(3): 375-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab186] [PMID: 34426836]
[4]
Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J 2021; 42(5): 373-498.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612] [PMID: 32860505]
[5]
Proietti M, Romiti GF, Vitolo M, et al. Epidemiology of subclinical atrial fibrillation in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: A systematic review and meta-regression. Eur J Intern Med 2022; 103: 84-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2022.06.023] [PMID: 35817660]
[6]
Healey JS, Connolly SJ, Gold MR, et al. Subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med 2012; 366(2): 120-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1105575] [PMID: 22236222]
[7]
Boriani G, Glotzer TV, Santini M, et al. Device-detected atrial fibrillation and risk for stroke: An analysis of >10 000 patients from the SOS AF project (Stroke preventiOn Strategies based on Atrial Fibrillation information from implanted devices). Eur Heart J 2014; 35(8): 508-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht491] [PMID: 24334432]
[8]
Imberti JF, Mei DA, Vitolo M, et al. Comparing atrial fibrillation guidelines: Focus on stroke prevention, bleeding risk assessment and oral anticoagulant recommendations. Eur J Intern Med 2022; 101: 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2022.04.023] [PMID: 35525635]
[9]
Wolfes J, Ellermann C, Frommeyer G, Eckardt L. Evidence-based treatment of atrial fibrillation around the globe: Comparison of the latest ESC, AHA/ACC/HRS, and CCS guidelines on the management of atrial fibrillation. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2022; 23(2): 056.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2302056] [PMID: 35229547]
[10]
Sgreccia D, Manicardi M, Malavasi VL, et al. Comparing outcomes in asymptomatic and symptomatic atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 81,462 patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10(17): 3979.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173979] [PMID: 34501434]
[11]
Kirchhof P, Toennis T, Goette A, et al. Anticoagulation with edoxaban in patients with atrial high-rate episodes. N Engl J Med 2023; 389(13): 1167-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2303062] [PMID: 37622677]
[12]
Bertaglia E, Blank B, Blomström-Lundqvist C, et al. Atrial high- rate episodes: Prevalence, stroke risk, implications for management, and clinical gaps in evidence. Europace 2019; 21(10): 1459-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euz172] [PMID: 31377792]
[13]
Healey JS, Lopes RD, Granger CB, et al. Apixaban for stroke prevention in subclinical atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2024; 390(2): 107-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2310234] [PMID: 37952132]
[14]
McIntyre WF, Benz AP, Becher N, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with device-detected atrial fibrillation: A study-level meta-analysis of the NOAH-AFNET 6 and ARTESiA trials. Circulation 2023.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067512] [PMID: 37952187]
[15]
Rogalewski A, Kitsiou A, Kalyani M, et al. Atrial fibrillation in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source during 3 years of pro-longed monitoring with an implantable loop recorder. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121(6): 826-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1346-2899] [PMID: 33401327]
[16]
Vitolo M, Imberti JF, Maisano A, et al. Device-detected atrial high rate episodes and the risk of stroke/thrombo-embolism and atrial fibrillation incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 92: 100-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2021.05.038] [PMID: 34154879]
[17]
Boriani G, Glotzer TV, Ziegler PD, et al. Detection of new atrial fibrillation in patients with cardiac implanted electronic devices and factors associated with transition to higher device-detected atrial fibrillation burden. Heart Rhythm 2018; 15(3): 376-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.11.007] [PMID: 29122724]
[18]
Kalarus Z, Mairesse GH, Sokal A, et al. Searching for atrial fibrillation: Looking harder, looking longer, and in increasingly sophisticated ways. An EHRA position paper. Europace 2023; 25(1): 185-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euac144] [PMID: 36256580]
[19]
Proietti M. Natural history of ‘silent’ atrial fibrillation from subclinical to asymptomatic: State of the art and need for research. Eur J Intern Med 2023; 107: 27-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2022.11.015] [PMID: 36404262]
[20]
Savelieva I, Fumagalli S, Kenny RA, et al. EHRA expert consensus document on the management of arrhythmias in frailty syndrome, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), Latin America Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Society of Southern Africa (CASSA). Europace 2023; 25(4): 1249-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euac123] [PMID: 37061780]
[21]
Boriani G, Pettorelli D. Atrial fibrillation burden and atrial fibrillation type: Clinical significance and impact on the risk of stroke and decision making for long-term anticoagulation. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 83: 26-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2016.03.006] [PMID: 27196706]
[22]
Boriani G, Healey JS, Schnabel RB, et al. Oral anticoagulation for subclinical atrial tachyarrhythmias detected by implantable cardiac devices: An international survey of the AF-SCREEN group. Int J Cardiol 2019; 296: 65-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.07.039] [PMID: 31327519]
[23]
Imberti JF, Tosetti A, Mei DA, Maisano A, Boriani G. Remote monitoring and telemedicine in heart failure: Implementation and benefits. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23(6): 55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11886-021-01487-2] [PMID: 33959819]
[24]
Ahmed FZ, Sammut-Powell C, Kwok CS, et al. Remote monitoring data from cardiac implantable electronic devices predicts all- cause mortality. Europace 2022; 24(2): 245-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab160] [PMID: 34601572]
[25]
Boriani G, Imberti JF, Bonini N, et al. Remote multiparametric monitoring and management of heart failure patients through cardiac implantable electronic devices. Eur J Intern Med 2023; 115: 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2023.04.011] [PMID: 37076404]
[26]
Wan D, Andrade J, Laksman Z. Thromboembolic risk stratification in atrial fibrillation-beyond clinical risk scores. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2021; 22(2): 353-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2202042] [PMID: 34258903]
[27]
Malavasi VL, Fantecchi E, Tordoni V, et al. Atrial fibrillation pattern and factors affecting the progression to permanent atrial fibrillation. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16(5): 1131-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11739-020-02551-5] [PMID: 33161524]
[28]
Ding WY, Proietti M, Boriani G, et al. Clinical utility and prognostic implications of the novel 4S-AF scheme to characterize and evaluate patients with atrial fibrillation: A report from ESC-EHRA EORP-AF long-term general registry. Europace 2022; 24(5): 721-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab280] [PMID: 35446354]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy