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Current Nanomedicine

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ISSN (Print): 2468-1873
ISSN (Online): 2468-1881

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Research Article

Biogenic Synthesis and Characterization of Ethyl Ferulate Gold Nanoparticle and its Efficacy against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

Author(s): Jyothsna Unnikrishnan, Mangala Hegde, Aviral Kumar, Sosmitha Girisa, Priyadarshi Satpati* and Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara*

Volume 15, Issue 1, 2025

Published on: 06 February, 2024

Page: [80 - 94] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/0124681873280022240130062923

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Background: Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) presents a significant challenge due to its aggressive nature and lack of responsive hormone receptors, predominantly affecting younger premenopausal women. Ethyl ferulate (EF), a notable phytochemical, has demonstrated promising anti-cancer properties. This study aimed to enhance the efficacy of EF by synthesizing and characterizing ethyl ferulate gold nanoparticles (EF-AuNps) to passively target TNBC cells via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect.

Methods: We synthesized EF-AuNps using a direct reduction method and characterized the NPs by employing various techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy, DLS, XRD, EDX, TEM, and FT-IR. The anti-proliferative activity against MDA-MB-231 cells was assessed using MTT and colony formation assays, alongside evaluating cell viability with PI-FACS and live/dead assays. Furthermore, a Western blot was performed to determine the mechanism of action of EFAuNps in TNBC cells.

Result: We successfully synthesized triangular EF-AuNps (<100nm) and observed a substantial inhibition of cell proliferation (IC50 18μg/ml). Compared to EF alone, EF-AuNps significantly enhanced cell death in TNBC cells, as confirmed by flow cytometry and viability assays. Besides, Western blot analysis verified that the expression of apoptotic-related signal proteins, such as survivin, caspase 3, and caspase 9, were modulated by EF-AuNps.

Conclusion: EF-AuNps showed higher anti-cancer efficacy than EF in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of EF-AuNps for TNBC treatment, advocating for further preclinical and clinical investigations into this promising anti-cancer formulation.

Keywords: Gold nanoparticles, phytochemicals, ethyl ferulate, triple-negative breast cancer.

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