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Current Medicinal Chemistry

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ISSN (Online): 1875-533X

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Systematic Review Article

The Effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical Trials

Author(s): Sahar Dadkhah Tehrani, Mahdi Keshani, Mohammad Hossein Rouhani, Seyed Adel Moallem, Mohammad Bagherniya* and Amirhossein Sahebkar*

Volume 32, Issue 11, 2025

Published on: 22 August, 2023

Page: [2257 - 2274] Pages: 18

DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230822102021

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is a set of metabolic abnormalities that are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Apple cider vinegar (ACV) has been used in several studies as a natural agent to improve CMS risk factors. The present study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of ACV consumption on lipid and glycemic parameters.

Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases were systematically searched to find clinical trials evaluating the effects of ACV consumption on CMS risk factors.

Results: Overall, 25 clinical trials (33 arms) comprising 1320 adults were entered in this study. ACV consumption could significantly improve the levels of FBG (-21.20 mg/dl; 95% CI: -32.31 to -2.21; I2: 95.8%), HbA1c (-0.91mg/dl; 95% CI: -1.62 to -0.21; I2: 98.9%), and TC (-6.72 mg/dl; 95% CI: -12.91 to -0.53; I2:50.8%). No significant results were observed for BMI, HOMA-IR, serum insulin, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C. Subgroup analysis showed a significant decrease in FBG, HbA1c, TC, and TG in diabetic patients. In this type of analysis, ACV consumption significantly reduced FBG levels when administered for both duration subgroups (≥12 and <12 weeks). Moreover, in the subgroup analysis based on duration, TG concentration was significantly decreased following ACV consumption for ≥ 12 weeks.

Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed that consumption of ACV has a favorable effect in decreasing some CMS risk factors including FBG, HbA1c, and TC.

Keywords: Apple cider vinegar, cardiometabolic risk factors, fasting blood glucose, HBA1C, cholesterol, cardiometabolic syndrome.

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