Abstract
Different types of stem cells have remarkable characteristics such as high proliferation rate, multi/pluripotency, self-renewal, and broad differentiation that can effectively treat diseases, cancers, and damage. Despite abundant therapeutic applications of stem cells in medical science, numerous risks threaten stem cell transplantation. Tumor development, immune response, cellular senescence, dosage effects, and administration timing are critical risks that should be considered in stem cell therapy. Hence, an investigation of possible risks is required before utilizing stem cell-based medicinal products in the clinical phase and human trials. This review aims to survey the literature and perspectives on the advantages and risks associated with pluripotent and multipotent stem cells.
Keywords: Stem cells, risk factors, cell therapy, pluripotent, multipotent, MSC.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00054.2003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biori.2017.10.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1534-5807(01)00049-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15283/ijsc.2009.2.2.122]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9030563]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/scrt116]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/930713]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2015.05.020]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1938]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12015-011-9228-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14653240600855905]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/stemcells.2006-0374]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.V99.10.3838]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-017-0697-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-0914-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-012-0639-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02338-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061649]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22203/eCM.v041a03]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/scd.2009.0299]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hum.2010.115]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2015-0427]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6737345]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3206807]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/107632701300062859]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2018.822]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/stemcells.2005-0235]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1478-811X-9-12]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098565]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2017.08.055]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2012.04.017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20040440]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2184.2008.00536.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAT.0000000000000025]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096368913X663569]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exphem.2005.01.012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.12.7634]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb2965]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/74447]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.21666]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.102.012583]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22079]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5214/ans.0972.7531.220404]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125385]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11317]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.09.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2015.10.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.27803]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-015-0227-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scr.2016.03.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.02.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096368916X691178]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2014-0101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10565-016-9370-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reth.2019.05.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2009.02.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-9-29]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.013169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000496809]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.07.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1361]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.3267]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888X113086660068]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2009.08.021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00229]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/scd.2007.0266]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1393]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00645]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijpho.v9i2.611]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17010016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2013-0212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.20798]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0311]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12015-010-9123-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1760]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc3034]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2011.05.012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009374107]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cell.2014.0080]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1172482]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1162494]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2008.10.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2010.08.012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2009.04.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.315]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diff.2013.06.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.2643]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2016.308]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-008-1020-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00582]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41232-020-00125-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-017-0503-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01626]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9628536]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2816]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2014.06.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cr.2010.44]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.1511]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2012.08.013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.11.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2016.59]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7828]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8060157]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1613723]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2005.02.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.955971]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-015-0240-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2014.70]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M115.049312]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00566.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00746.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0092-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7012692]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2912]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01715.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00299]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177962]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-1044-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-0876-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.2934]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-012-2445-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2010.09.025]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvr113]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.541268]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.25321]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.11.057]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx056]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.09.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000000441]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sctm.19-0202]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2015-0101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000034046.87607.1C]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000070596.30552.8B]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/aps.2013.50]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2006.11.057]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eci.12195]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms140611692]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAT.0000000000000205]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2009.10.869]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/SCCAA.S135415]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/scrt474]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805802105]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283518226]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2007.08.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6NR06851K]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2012.03.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.428]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09342]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1667]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.471]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2009.06.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-8062.2009.00091.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.02.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.10.001]