Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by marked cognitive decline, memory loss, and spatio-temporal troubles and, in severe cases, lack of recognition of family members. Neurological symptoms, cognitive disturbances, and the inflammatory frame due to COVID-19, together with long-term effects, have fueled renewed interest in AD based on similar damage. COVID-19 also caused the acceleration of AD symptom onset. In this regard, the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 were reported to be increased in patients with AD due to multiple pathological changes such as excessive expression of the viral receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, or drug-drug interactions in patients receiving polypharmacy and the high presence of proinflammatory molecules. Furthermore, the release of cytokines, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis in both diseases showed common underlying mechanisms, which together worsen the clinical picture and prognosis of these patients.
Keywords: COVID-19, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegeneration, cytokines, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, ferroptosis, mechanisms.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.110.083246] [PMID: 21622895]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201074] [PMID: 33325385]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00750] [PMID: 31379495]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X16666180110130253] [PMID: 29318974]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612828666220413094918] [PMID: 35422204]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612828666220413101929] [PMID: 35422205]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.028] [PMID: 32882182]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030305] [PMID: 33673697]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02177-w] [PMID: 33078369]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13195-021-00858-9] [PMID: 34118974]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106116] [PMID: 32828027]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10070-8] [PMID: 32696341]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-022-02499-0] [PMID: 35429259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12010029] [PMID: 35055344]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.731369] [PMID: 35197920]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alz.12665] [PMID: 35377523]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/151979] [PMID: 26576216]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00204] [PMID: 31447664]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alz.12068]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101494] [PMID: 32199332]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2013.07.006] [PMID: 24179862]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.793991] [PMID: 35173605]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536012118792317] [PMID: 30203712]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2021.645233] [PMID: 33815065]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018] [PMID: 29653606]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/NXG.0000000000000512] [PMID: 33225065]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13024-021-00452-5] [PMID: 33926499]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm10020026] [PMID: 32325882]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2020.00014] [PMID: 34713027]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.650220] [PMID: 33854414]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000000700] [PMID: 30707185]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.011] [PMID: 32330414]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.138] [PMID: 32980406]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41401-021-00851-w] [PMID: 35058587]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-00884-5] [PMID: 35087058]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-00903-5] [PMID: 35145066]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5] [PMID: 32009228]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052] [PMID: 32142651]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3] [PMID: 32171076]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035] [PMID: 32413319]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa078] [PMID: 32227090]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00210] [PMID: 32379417]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111193] [PMID: 33461019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031716] [PMID: 35163638]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg5827] [PMID: 34285133]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2015.1045419] [PMID: 25961655]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.12.148726]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043] [PMID: 32697968]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.676314] [PMID: 34267735]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abn4543] [PMID: 34882437]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.11.21266068]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04411-y] [PMID: 35042229]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022-00708-x] [PMID: 35181769]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty407] [PMID: 29790939]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2201849]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg6028]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00183-5] [PMID: 33515491]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.24868] [PMID: 34967859]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abh2315] [PMID: 34554826]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104799] [PMID: 33609650]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-017-0662-9] [PMID: 29134267]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720511794604589] [PMID: 21143154]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03468-0] [PMID: 32034429]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815039535122050008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23812/CONTI-E] [PMID: 32171193]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.008] [PMID: 32425269]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5] [PMID: 31986264]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127] [PMID: 32275288]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0305-6] [PMID: 32249847]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2007575] [PMID: 32268022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0312-7] [PMID: 32296135]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27144] [PMID: 34138483]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.57.2.210] [PMID: 10681079]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0358-2] [PMID: 30820047]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633105520975743] [PMID: 33283188]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjco.2021.04.004] [PMID: 33875979]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104941] [PMID: 32689643]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100463] [PMID: 32838236]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.188] [PMID: 29377008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alz.12296] [PMID: 33559975]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200649] [PMID: 32804094]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.018] [PMID: 32381283]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.586314] [PMID: 33117127]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13195-016-0217-7] [PMID: 27884212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-190721] [PMID: 31594235]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1389-1] [PMID: 32510106]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-181284] [PMID: 30814362]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176336] [PMID: 32882843]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2013.10.003] [PMID: 24189266]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104724] [PMID: 31911114]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65305-9] [PMID: 10027417]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5476-05.2006] [PMID: 16687490]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0004-z] [PMID: 29632371]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2012.263] [PMID: 23296339]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00047.x] [PMID: 11145984]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0000000000000222] [PMID: 26185969]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20190980] [PMID: 31601677]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00014] [PMID: 30804776]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10030222] [PMID: 30884759]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature15393] [PMID: 26432245]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00754] [PMID: 32425941]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2494] [PMID: 18802446]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.09.086249]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201016] [PMID: 33285638]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa200] [PMID: 32777042]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa183] [PMID: 32687551]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.044] [PMID: 32380269]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550160069041] [PMID: 9343467]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00712-4] [PMID: 33148345]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa131] [PMID: 32451547]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.573367] [PMID: 33132936]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40478-021-01302-7] [PMID: 34949230]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2020.12.018] [PMID: 33450186]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.012] [PMID: 26969397]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1985] [PMID: 32444460]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.103405] [PMID: 32511104]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2017.05.003] [PMID: 28660014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa169] [PMID: 32623451]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01939] [PMID: 33042114]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa202] [PMID: 32803253]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa198] [PMID: 32797154]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448] [PMID: 32353634]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2016-0060TR] [PMID: 27073971]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104809] [PMID: 32087284]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd2985] [PMID: 33082293]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2020283] [PMID: 32558485]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03065-y] [PMID: 33307546]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009225] [PMID: 33596266]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00805-2] [PMID: 33686287]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-1594-2] [PMID: 31004319]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00255] [PMID: 32903806]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnc.13072] [PMID: 25689586]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-016-1547-z] [PMID: 26884068]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150797] [PMID: 26890748]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7760] [PMID: 25988319]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4406] [PMID: 27893873]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2015.96] [PMID: 26055466]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.830569] [PMID: 35391749]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.042] [PMID: 22632970]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212442] [PMID: 34830326]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.657033] [PMID: 34149412]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-021-02348-6] [PMID: 34292399]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65020717.x] [PMID: 7616228]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.08.001] [PMID: 24075790]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9589-5_10] [PMID: 31456211]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102294] [PMID: 32147039]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.611891] [PMID: 33935681]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.6b03805] [PMID: 27340836]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1877946812666211217152703]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00632] [PMID: 30250423]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105436] [PMID: 35628247]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020192541] [PMID: 32602825]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.654381] [PMID: 34163341]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.76191.1] [PMID: 35242306]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.01443] [PMID: 32063824]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.08.014] [PMID: 20817278]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.2613] [PMID: 22286308]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.704298] [PMID: 34422824]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.171] [PMID: 28886009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2018.00338] [PMID: 30356756]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114174] [PMID: 25464026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embr.201338064] [PMID: 24867889]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10571-017-0568-z] [PMID: 29177638]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-179944] [PMID: 29865061]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/EBC20210017] [PMID: 34623415]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.023] [PMID: 32234331]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2017.7176] [PMID: 28793787]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41418-022-01003-1] [PMID: 35449212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12264-022-00861-6] [PMID: 35482278]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040692] [PMID: 35453377]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2007-12205] [PMID: 17917160]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.1017] [PMID: 27271785]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000652] [PMID: 33208493]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jon.12755] [PMID: 32639679]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106594] [PMID: 33735661]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.884449] [PMID: 35677326]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000307750.41970.d9] [PMID: 18378884]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST0361282] [PMID: 19021541]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193867] [PMID: 29518107]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-1403-3] [PMID: 30406908]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228765] [PMID: 33233496]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S351799] [PMID: 35264867]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.823741] [PMID: 35197821]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.798304] [PMID: 35311089]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.745046] [PMID: 34987375]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02717-21] [PMID: 35038927]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00026-21] [PMID: 35343760]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.030] [PMID: 33147445]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i3.9826] [PMID: 32921750]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13017-021-00354-3] [PMID: 33685484]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111677] [PMID: 34829548]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00740] [PMID: 30374287]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-210221] [PMID: 34180415]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.73456] [PMID: 35014607]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2021-81574]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26570] [PMID: 33002209]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13365-020-00868-7] [PMID: 32737861]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-01896-0] [PMID: 32758257]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0500] [PMID: 33769431]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jir.2010.0107] [PMID: 21142819]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2007.02.006] [PMID: 17400356]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2016.01.006] [PMID: 26877243]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00029] [PMID: 28184222]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-017-1745-4] [PMID: 28676934]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01471-07] [PMID: 17804500]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218528110] [PMID: 23319625]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.796012] [PMID: 35087521]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa513] [PMID: 32678884]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj3624] [PMID: 34581622]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcz022] [PMID: 32274467]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2018.00488] [PMID: 30618635]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac132] [PMID: 35383824]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.16.435702]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13024-017-0184-x] [PMID: 28549481]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddz163] [PMID: 31332445]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad8373] [PMID: 27033548]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2019.03.003] [PMID: 31006494]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0296-9] [PMID: 30617257]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.066] [PMID: 29346778]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.099] [PMID: 31018141]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017742118] [PMID: 33446504]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab337] [PMID: 34619763]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13073-015-0232-5] [PMID: 26482651]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095026882000179X] [PMID: 32782035]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202201_27858] [PMID: 35113409]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.002] [PMID: 34174183]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26984] [PMID: 33788265]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02918-0] [PMID: 11682059]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a006221] [PMID: 22951438]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020215] [PMID: 33578866]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.14703] [PMID: 33369818]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30221-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51210] [PMID: 33016619]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ane.13266] [PMID: 32412088]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-00453-w] [PMID: 33414554]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.057] [PMID: 28414186]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6630] [PMID: 32527843]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2018.14.2.129] [PMID: 29504292]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13024-019-0325-5] [PMID: 31174557]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.855868] [PMID: 35527821]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2014.3635] [PMID: 25264814]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010111] [PMID: 32546655]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10050-y] [PMID: 32647900]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103512] [PMID: 34333238]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050360] [PMID: 33058695]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8] [PMID: 33428867]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00744-w] [PMID: 33380345]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12703/r/10-46] [PMID: 34131656]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12005] [PMID: 32211500]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15585] [PMID: 35137414]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00391] [PMID: 32662982]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002923] [PMID: 27371494]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12026] [PMID: 32490138]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-021-00520-w] [PMID: 34239130]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-191016] [PMID: 31771070]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910198] [PMID: 34638539]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.765252] [PMID: 34776936]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202013424] [PMID: 33190411]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.689854] [PMID: 34222257]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32000-6] [PMID: 32979964]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00039-8] [PMID: 33428868]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32662-3] [PMID: 33308453]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010640] [PMID: 32788251]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639] [PMID: 32272480]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10579-6] [PMID: 33932157]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.3331] [PMID: 33729425]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760200552] [PMID: 33950107]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052681] [PMID: 33800954]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30287-X] [PMID: 32593341]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alz.12255] [PMID: 33399270]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00005-5] [PMID: 33485416]