Abstract
Modulating crucial biological processes such as gene regulation, aging, and relationship to globally important human health issues such as cancer has significantly brought considerable attention to G-quadruplex over the past few decades. As the impact of Gquadruplex emerges on so many biological roles, cancer prognosis and pathogenesis have not been fully understood, and selective small molecular binders with suitable chemical, photophysical and biological properties are potentially applicable biophysical tools for tracking Gquadruplex functions. The chemical properties include suitable water solubility, liphophilicity, etc., and the photophysical properties include excitation, emission, stoke-shift, lifetime, quantum yield, and measurable, selective changes of former photophysical parameters within the ideal spectral window upon interaction with the target. The biological properties include; toxicity, cellular infiltration, and selective binding with G-quadruplex over non-specific targets (e.g., duplex DNA, RNA, non-specific biomolecules etc.) in the complex cellular matrix. The development of G-quadruplex-selective probes, therefore, continues to be an important but challenging task for molecular therapeutic, diagnostic, imaging, and sensing applications. In this review, we have classified and summarized several classes of probes; carbocyanine, porphyrins, ethidium, carbazoles, acridines, tripodal or tetrapodal probes, pyrimidine carboxamides, tianguleniums, anthraquinones, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, BODIPY dyes, berberines, acetones and their derivatives for the variation of selectivity, photophysical, and biological properties with respect to the structural modifications, which ultimately provide helpful guidance for designing novel probes with optimal characteristics.
Keywords: G-quadruplex visualization, DNA, fluorescence probe, small molecules, hoogsteen base pairing, photophysical properties, detection.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki553] [PMID: 15914666]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm3019063] [PMID: 23458775]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112202] [PMID: 32302880]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82406-x] [PMID: 33568696]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm301899y] [PMID: 23514618]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkg259] [PMID: 12626701]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34141-z] [PMID: 30361545]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2433350100] [PMID: 14645716]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506144102] [PMID: 16365301]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09553000802415747] [PMID: 19061122]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki632] [PMID: 15933211]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200806306] [PMID: 19334028]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki782] [PMID: 16106044]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040752] [PMID: 30791494]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1170633] [PMID: 19965504]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/350569a0] [PMID: 1708110]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cs00134a] [PMID: 21301727]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00117] [PMID: 32153618]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7049] [PMID: 2780561]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2004.12.010] [PMID: 15857774]
[PMID: 26027375]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.120114mm] [PMID: 23319366]
[PMID: 8441388]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127196] [PMID: 25962144]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.17.8983] [PMID: 8799140]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2010.06.017] [PMID: 20580356]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.107.084392] [PMID: 19104079]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01304.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16182-y] [PMID: 29167542]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.201900315] [PMID: 31160377]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00026.2007] [PMID: 18391173]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-07-0260] [PMID: 18515756]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt957] [PMID: 24163102]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST20170097] [PMID: 28939694]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80760-6] [PMID: 10338214]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00792] [PMID: 31475042]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102077] [PMID: 15604407]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80750-3] [PMID: 10338204]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp512914t] [PMID: 25689673]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01068] [PMID: 32163706]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz464] [PMID: 31114915]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkx766] [PMID: 28977514]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja310251r] [PMID: 23521617]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa1259] [PMID: 33503265]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516925112] [PMID: 26553979]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b10786] [PMID: 28217994]
[PMID: 12810655]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm970199z] [PMID: 9216827]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111627] [PMID: 31446246]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4634] [PMID: 7984411]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106589] [PMID: 31539864]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5786] [PMID: 25185517]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trechm.2019.07.002] [PMID: 32923997]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.20507] [PMID: 16538665]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b710299b] [PMID: 18217607]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2016.00038] [PMID: 27668212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv862] [PMID: 26350216]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky187] [PMID: 29554280]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1147182] [PMID: 17916692]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq259] [PMID: 20413582]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja8031532] [PMID: 18642813]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nass/nrp120]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja305734x] [PMID: 22780456]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.182256799] [PMID: 12195017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules181012051] [PMID: 24084014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00191] [PMID: 32307997]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024421] [PMID: 21931711]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.5b00202] [PMID: 26405692]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl610] [PMID: 16998187]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.06.005] [PMID: 17656312]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb982] [PMID: 16142245]
[PMID: 12479216]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja904007p] [PMID: 19705869]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep09696] [PMID: 25853628]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt784] [PMID: 24005038]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja412128w] [PMID: 24450937]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2015-0017] [PMID: 27442231]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9861(02)00202-3] [PMID: 12061796]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/NCN-200060070] [PMID: 16248030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201709184] [PMID: 29076232]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02382] [PMID: 30173518]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2017.10.012] [PMID: 29032342]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2018.03.083] [PMID: 29649680]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2019.04.018] [PMID: 31022429]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.201300288] [PMID: 23960016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0021854]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.7.2635] [PMID: 8610093]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(01)00490-5] [PMID: 11549435]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.10.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn487] [PMID: 18663011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(199807)46:1<39::AID-BIP4>3.0.CO;2-Z] [PMID: 9612138]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0896(01)00243-7] [PMID: 11553493]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00027a004] [PMID: 7612596]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja062193h] [PMID: 16953629]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15257770701548212] [PMID: 18066832]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5AY01840D]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.201090196]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10895-010-0709-y] [PMID: 20809136]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cc00020a] [PMID: 21431154]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac300207r] [PMID: 22839657]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja309588h] [PMID: 23215453]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi4006072] [PMID: 23909872]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b03662] [PMID: 26173915]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34378-8] [PMID: 30382130]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b10265] [PMID: 30860368]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.202011419] [PMID: 32939952]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2020.12.030] [PMID: 33575115]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00109] [PMID: 27737553]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac501619v] [PMID: 24941428]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2015.06.018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6RA05474A]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2015.11.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6OB00138F] [PMID: 27021281]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201700298] [PMID: 28276093]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b07869] [PMID: 29979027]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac052218f] [PMID: 16615797]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.091] [PMID: 29459277]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8CC03945C] [PMID: 30101241]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2016.10.022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2018.07.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.09.057]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103821] [PMID: 32279036]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.9b01243] [PMID: 35025398]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2020.117488]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.041] [PMID: 31071547]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00287] [PMID: 29028340]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.066]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.6b00928] [PMID: 27379526]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c03556] [PMID: 33073132]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01656] [PMID: 33559473]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2018.10.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0CC06525K] [PMID: 33185205]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067945] [PMID: 23844135]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2011.09.023]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5AN01573A] [PMID: 26365834]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1205] [PMID: 31912160]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.01.169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112598]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4CC01147C] [PMID: 24811922]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0576:SFSOTO>2.0.CO;2] [PMID: 14743865]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549704500203] [PMID: 9016307]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep24793] [PMID: 27098781]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku111] [PMID: 24510097]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04344-x] [PMID: 28684846]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.03.125]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2015.02.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201000291] [PMID: 20229556]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules181113588] [PMID: 24192912]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04677] [PMID: 30614679]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi9003815] [PMID: 19731964]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00490a021] [PMID: 1702995]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.052] [PMID: 14521939]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi960038h] [PMID: 8639643]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11084-018-9567-4] [PMID: 30547367]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/26.16.3724] [PMID: 9685488]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja002179j] [PMID: 11552797]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm010246u] [PMID: 11741471]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B514526K] [PMID: 16493812]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpc.2008.06.006] [PMID: 18599180]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2014.2125] [PMID: 24959286]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.2000.3569] [PMID: 10704318]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241513] [PMID: 33206666]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.200902166] [PMID: 20077530]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900002] [PMID: 30850998]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0444482] [PMID: 15740131]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128218]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035586] [PMID: 22629300]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku526] [PMID: 24939896]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b01901] [PMID: 29619818]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.05.001] [PMID: 25989424]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200903685] [PMID: 19882707]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi9020583] [PMID: 20380429]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.200600554] [PMID: 17361982]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040733] [PMID: 30781675]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103920] [PMID: 32413624]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.200110]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2021.115404]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11426-008-0051-2]
[PMID: 10741725]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi052356z] [PMID: 16716079]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072462] [PMID: 23977303]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cp01726d] [PMID: 21399801]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2009.03.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/febs.12734] [PMID: 24494857]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac1019446] [PMID: 20726508]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.201500106] [PMID: 25779219]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150171003] [PMID: 8957173]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/29.5.1087] [PMID: 11222758]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac034123o] [PMID: 14632150]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19990801)36:4<349::AID-CYTO10>3.0.CO;2-1] [PMID: 10404151]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.01.022] [PMID: 29410183]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0585:PPOFDD>2.0.CO;2] [PMID: 11421063]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2050-6120/2/1/015003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.02.001] [PMID: 22386775]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac034789i] [PMID: 14615998]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr499] [PMID: 21715373]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2011.05.035] [PMID: 21672604]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5AN00866B] [PMID: 26176020]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.18.10.101309] [PMID: 23839279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2019.107749]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115641] [PMID: 32773092]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.081560598] [PMID: 11309493]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2910] [PMID: 15735037]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm050555a] [PMID: 16420044]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201200802] [PMID: 22907584]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057701] [PMID: 23554865]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2MD20173A]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904529116] [PMID: 31332011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl286] [PMID: 16687659]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2017.11.004] [PMID: 29129745]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100176a051]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(91)90025-O]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja067946e] [PMID: 17622142]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200703251] [PMID: 17966964]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja037994o] [PMID: 14640641]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp981185n]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1368] [PMID: 18157118]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9TC01848D]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.200701723] [PMID: 18512826]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4RA10511G]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9PP00096H] [PMID: 30916703]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00493] [PMID: 31355185]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-014-1215-0] [PMID: 24671497]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2009.07.034] [PMID: 19836527]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.200801441] [PMID: 19053101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81868-4] [PMID: 19431819]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.435177]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ob25830g] [PMID: 22790277]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200805613] [PMID: 19199323]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1548] [PMID: 23422559]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201206281] [PMID: 23038154]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1805] [PMID: 24345950]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.780] [PMID: 22306580]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201307413] [PMID: 24338872]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo9002486] [PMID: 19281195]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0CP02990D] [PMID: 32895673]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9178] [PMID: 26350962]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.8b02978] [PMID: 30694674]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8SC00089A] [PMID: 29780456]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.210] [PMID: 31579076]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201504099] [PMID: 26880483]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01065a030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2005.11.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2018.01.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1426]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.02.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.22.4674] [PMID: 9358181]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi962335s] [PMID: 9063894]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja026932f] [PMID: 12224939]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/24.20.3896] [PMID: 8918789]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep31019] [PMID: 27511133]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo050157f] [PMID: 15960490]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol101760m] [PMID: 20882971]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja205211a] [PMID: 21863849]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol025723x] [PMID: 11975614]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo9002008] [PMID: 19351178]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo035760h] [PMID: 15104432]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.197]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b911768g] [PMID: 19668809]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08110] [PMID: 29182864]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c001912g] [PMID: 20626080]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10895-009-0462-2] [PMID: 19191013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016884011396] [PMID: 32132808]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200704199] [PMID: 18496796]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja506331x] [PMID: 25101894]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b03413] [PMID: 26056849]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep32141] [PMID: 27535322]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz059] [PMID: 30759259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi992070s] [PMID: 10587429]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep33888] [PMID: 27667717]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.073] [PMID: 22196901]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7AY00556C]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc060279u] [PMID: 17477498]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1001177107] [PMID: 20679250]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.107] [PMID: 28729218]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/591086]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi9905922] [PMID: 10353809]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi0263107] [PMID: 12234180]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.075] [PMID: 17079147]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi000482r] [PMID: 10924124]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jms.1529] [PMID: 19034888]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(02)00763-1] [PMID: 12419369]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.050] [PMID: 18243701]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.066] [PMID: 20932753]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.144]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8NJ00739J]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2006.11.032] [PMID: 17150364]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.10.040]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.19687180119]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.05.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c002117b] [PMID: 20414484]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep03776] [PMID: 24441075]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0NJ02887H]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2010.11.005] [PMID: 21095217]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.113] [PMID: 29091871]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2558-9] [PMID: 31419978]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.13.5371] [PMID: 26225680]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2004.06.035] [PMID: 15358297]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129527] [PMID: 26042820]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-5791-1] [PMID: 31208348]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11418-013-0766-z] [PMID: 23604974]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12865-020-00358-9] [PMID: 32429849]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11602] [PMID: 33174609]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2510-z] [PMID: 31122236]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115694] [PMID: 25546475]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01673.x] [PMID: 12807487]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109002] [PMID: 31154270]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44576-7] [PMID: 31142783]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2013.07.023]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.202100297] [PMID: 33855748]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.001] [PMID: 16377184]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1001] [PMID: 23104378]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.5521] [PMID: 26462146]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.230] [PMID: 33281983]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092566] [PMID: 33924894]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00516] [PMID: 32435365]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.050] [PMID: 17574421]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b01190] [PMID: 30320244]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201308063] [PMID: 24356977]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm401185b] [PMID: 24256368]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201801701] [PMID: 29878408]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.125] [PMID: 22018460]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo201816g] [PMID: 22126189]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja5099403] [PMID: 25525863]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm009] [PMID: 17395643]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4CC07487D] [PMID: 25338751]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5OB00675A] [PMID: 26149178]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2102423] [PMID: 22280460]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2003.09.018] [PMID: 14596797]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b300845m] [PMID: 12926351]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja8016973] [PMID: 18457389]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02952.x] [PMID: 12071949]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi048242p] [PMID: 15697230]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio723] [PMID: 16408022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051134] [PMID: 29747481]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja109767y] [PMID: 21291211]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv1040] [PMID: 26476445]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31635/ccschem.020.202000479]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4CC01472C] [PMID: 24841696]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128479]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks152] [PMID: 22362740]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac403326m] [PMID: 24405563]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11696-013-0343-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.017] [PMID: 32980115]