Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Green Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2213-3461
ISSN (Online): 2213-347X

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Biodegradation of Polymers with Microbial Agents

Author(s): Avinash Sharma*, Vadakkumcheri Akathoottu Subrahmanian Nampoothiri Devadas, Praseetha Parameswaran Nair, Chowlani Manpoong and Bhagya Devadas Kartha

Volume 9, Issue 1, 2022

Published on: 26 September, 2022

Page: [3 - 13] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/2213346109666220620155653

Price: $65

Abstract

Pollution by plastics is a major concern in this era. This paper discusses the research achievements concerning the degradation of polymers using different microbes. The bacterial and fungal populations that reside in waste or dumped plastics decompose plastics naturally by enzymatic aerobic or anaerobic biodegradation. Bacteria and fungi with polymer-degrading ability are isolated through various technologies. The specific bacterial species like Bacillus sp., Rhodococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp., Microbacterium sp. and Phanerochaete sp. etc. and specific fungal species like Aspergillus sp. or Penicillium sp. etc. degrade polymers in the relevant rate of duration. The microbial polymer degradation reforms soil properties, soil ecology, soil ecosystem and agricultural crop production, and improves the quality of surface and subsurface water. It restricts the pollution in the soil layer and mitigates the release of waste polymer from the polymer industry. Eventually, it will help to sustain the ecology and natural ecosystem. Furthermore, the scientific investigation may build standard materials and methods for producing biodegradable fertilizers for polymer degradation. Overall assessment of the study indicates that there is a possibility of developing effective bacterial or fungal consortia suited for external application on plastic debris for faster degradation, as well as to tackle waste management in polymer industries.

Keywords: Biodegradation, polymers, fungi, bacteria, durations, ecosystem.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Piergiovanni, L.; Limbo, S. Plastic packaging materials. In: Food Packaging Materials; SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science; Springer: Cham, 2016; pp. 33-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24732-8_5]
[2]
Borrelle, S.B.; Ringma, J.; Law, K.L.; Monnahan, C.C.; Lebreton, L.; McGivern, A.; Murphy, E.; Jambeck, J.; Leonard, G.H.; Hilleary, M.A.; Eriksen, M.; Possingham, H.P.; De Frond, H.; Gerber, L.R.; Polidoro, B.; Tahir, A.; Bernard, M.; Mallos, N.; Barnes, M.; Rochman, C.M. Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution. Science, 2020, 369(6510), 1515-1518.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba3656] [PMID: 32943526]
[3]
Gewert, B.; Plassmann, M.M.; MacLeod, M. Pathways for degradation of plastic polymers floating in the marine environment. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, 2015, 17(9), 1513-1521.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5EM00207A] [PMID: 26216708]
[4]
Ali, C.; Hyunjin, M.; Jiajia, Z.; Yang, Q.; Tarnuma, T.; Jun, H.J.; Mahdi, A.O.; Susannah, L.S.; Sangwon, S. Degradation rates of plastics in the environment. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2020, 8, 3494-3511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635]
[5]
Zhang, C.; Chen, X.; Wang, J.; Tan, L. Toxic effects of microplastic on marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum: Interactions between microplastic and algae. Environ. Pollut., 2017, 220(Pt B), 1282-1288.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.005] [PMID: 27876228]
[6]
Chen, Q.; Lv, W.; Jiao, Y.; Liu, Z.; Li, Y.; Cai, M.; Wu, D.; Zhou, W.; Zhao, Y. Effects of exposure to waterborne polystyrene micro-spheres on lipid metabolism in the hepatopancreas of juvenile redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. Aquat. Toxicol., 2020, 224, 105497.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105497] [PMID: 32388340]
[7]
Chen, Y.; Wen, D.; Pei, J.; Fei, Y.; Ouyang, D.; Zhang, H.; Luo, Y. Identification and quantification of microplastics using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy: Current status and future prospects. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health, 2020, 18, 14-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2020.05.004]
[8]
Gasperi, J.; Wright, S.L.; Dris, R.; Collard, F.; Mandin, C.; Guerrouache, M.; Langlois, V.; Kelly, F.J.; Tassin, B. Microplastics in air: Are we breathing it in? Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health, 2018, 1, 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.10.002]
[9]
Wong, J.K.H.; Lee, K.K.; Tang, K.H.D.; Yap, P.S. Microplastics in the freshwater and terrestrial environments: Prevalence, fates, impacts and sustainable solutions. Sci. Total Environ., 2020, 719, 137512.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137512] [PMID: 32229011]
[10]
Sara, F.J. The effect of microplastics on commercially valued aquaculture species: A review. In: Master’s Degree in Aquaculture; Depart-ment of Animal Science; Polytechnic University of Valencia: Valencia, 2021; pp. 1-48.
[11]
Xiao, Y.; Jiang, X.; Liao, Y.; Zhao, W.; Zhao, P.; Li, M. Adverse physiological and molecular level effects of polystyrene microplastics on freshwater microalgae. Chemosphere, 2020, 255, 126914.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126914] [PMID: 32387728]
[12]
Urbanek, A.K.; Rymowicz, W.; Mirończuk, A.M. Degradation of plastics and plastic-degrading bacteria in cold marine habitats. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2018, 102(18), 7669-7678.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9195-y] [PMID: 29992436]
[13]
Jose, M.; Rodrigues, D.L.; Marliane, D.C.; Soares, D.S.; Leonardo, F.D.S.; Maria, C.; Megumi, K. Plastics Polymers Degradation by Fungi; Blumenberg, M.; Shaaban, M; Elgam, A., Ed.; Microorganisms, IntechOpen Limited: United Kingdom, 2019, pp. 1-13.
[14]
Safi, U. Biodegradation of plastic and potential impact of microorganism on Biodegradation Master’s Thesis Study programme, Master in Environmental Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, Faculty of Technology, Science and Maritime science, 2020, 1-18.
[15]
Siddharth, G.S. Draft plastic waste management rules, addressing the bigger problem., 2021. Available from: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/author/siddharth-ghanshyam-singh-176982
[16]
Jennifer, D.; Sreejata, B.; Doug, H.; Debra, I.; Carol, M. Biodegradation-putting biology to work. In: Biodegradable Mulches Report; , 2015; pp. 1-2.
[17]
Fatimah, A. Biodegradation of synthetic and natural plastic by microorganisms. J. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2017, 5(1), 8-19.
[18]
(a) Zhiqiang, G.; Houjin, Z. PMBD: A comprehensive plastic microbial biodegradation database. Database, 2019, 2019, baz119.;
(b) Roohi, K.B.; Mohammed, K.; Mohammed, R.; Zaheer, Q.Z.; Mohammed, F.K.; Ghulam, M.A.; Anamika, G.; Gjumrakch, A. Microbial Enzymatic Degradation of Biodegradable Plastics. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2017, 18(5), 429-440.
[19]
Zhiqiang, G.; Houjin, Z. PMBD: A comprehensive plastics microbial biodegradation database. Database, 2019, 12, 1-11.
[20]
Mohanan, N.; Montazer, Z.; Sharma, P.K.; Levin, D.B. Microbial and enzymatic degradation of synthetic plastics. Front. Microbiol., 2020, 11, 580709.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.580709] [PMID: 33324366]
[21]
Victor, G.; Olga, P. Phylogenetic distribution of plastic-degrading microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Sci., 2021, 6(1), 1-13.
[22]
Shaila, S.; Abdullah, A.M. An inclusive review on recent status of plastic biodegradation. Int. J. Adv. Res., 2020, 8(8), 42-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/11463]
[23]
Hahladakis, J.N.; Velis, C.A.; Weber, R.; Iacovidou, E.; Purnell, P. An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling. J. Hazard. Mater., 2018, 344, 179-199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014] [PMID: 29035713]
[24]
Kjeld, W.M.; Manjusri, M.; Amar, K.M. Review of recent advances in the biodegradability of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastics and their composites. Green Chem., 2020, 22, 5519-5558.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0GC01647K]
[25]
Tokiwa, Y.; Calabia, B.P. Degradation of microbial polyesters. Biotechnol. Lett., 2004, 26(15), 1181-1189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:BILE.0000036599.15302.e5] [PMID: 15289671]
[26]
Tokiwa, Y.; Calabia, B.P.; Ugwu, C.U.; Aiba, S. Biodegradability of plastics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2009, 10(9), 3722-3742.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms10093722] [PMID: 19865515]
[27]
Ho, K.L.G.; Pometto, A.L.; Hinz, P.N. Effects of temperature and relative humidity on polylactic acid plastic degradation. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 1999, 7(2), 83-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021808317416]
[28]
Prince, R.C. Petroleum spill bioremediation in marine environments. Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 1993, 19(4), 217-242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408419309113530] [PMID: 8305136]
[29]
Auras, R.; Harte, B.; Selke, S. An overview of polylactides as packaging materials. Macromol. Biosci., 2004, 4(9), 835-864.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200400043] [PMID: 15468294]
[30]
Leahy, J.G.; Colwell, R.R. Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in the environment. Microbiol. Rev., 1990, 54(3), 305-315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mr.54.3.305-315.1990] [PMID: 2215423]
[31]
Henton, D.E.; Gruber, P.; Lunt, J.; Randall, J. Polylactic acid technology natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites. Chapter, 2005, 16, 1-53.
[32]
Ahmed, T.; Shahid, M.; Azeem, F.; Rasul, I.; Shah, A.A.; Noman, M.; Hameed, A.; Manzoor, N.; Manzoor, I.; Muhammad, S. Biodegradation of plastics: Current scenario and future prospects for environmental safety. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2018, 25(8), 7287-7298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1234-9] [PMID: 29332271]
[33]
Parishmita, B.; Venessa, N.; Sharma, H.K. Microbial degradation of waste: A review. Curr. Trends Pharm. Res., 2020, 7, 1-20.
[34]
Stefanie, T.; Eblagon, K.M.; Miranda, F.; Pereira, R.M.F.; Figueiredo, J.L. Towards controlled degradation of polylactic acid in technical applications. J. Carbon Res., 2021, 7, 1-43.
[35]
Singh, B.; Sharma, N. Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation. Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 2008, 93, 561-584.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.11.008]
[36]
Kotovaa, I.B. Microbial degradation of plastics and approaches to make it more efficient. Microbiology, 2021, 90(6), 671-701.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0026261721060084]
[37]
Rana, A.K.; Thakur, M.K.; Saini, A.K.; Mokhta, S.K.; Moradi, O.; Rydzkowski, T.; Alsanie, W.F.; Wang, Q.; Grammatikos, S.; Thakur, V.K. Recent developments in microbial degradation of polypropylene: Integrated approaches towards a sustainable environment. Sci. Total Environ., 2022, 826, 154056.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154056] [PMID: 35231525]
[38]
Dey, U.; Mondal, N.K.; Das, K.; Dutta, S. An approach to polymer degradation through microbes. J. Pharmacol., 2012, 2(3), 385-388.
[39]
Schink, B.; Janssen, P.H.; Frings, J. Microbial degradation of natural and of new synthetic polymers. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 1992, 9(2-4), 311-316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05852.x] [PMID: 1476775]
[40]
Sielicki, M.; Focht, D.D.; Martin, J.P. Microbial degradation of [C14C]polystyrene and 1,3-diphenylbutane. Can. J. Microbiol., 1978, 24(7), 798-803.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m78-134] [PMID: 98222]
[41]
Orr, I.G.; Hadar, Y.; Sivan, A. Colonization, biofilm formation and biodegradation of polyethylene by a strain of Rhodococcus ruber. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2004, 65(1), 97-104.
[PMID: 15221232]
[42]
Kyaw, B.M.; Champakalakshmi, R.; Sakharkar, M.K.; Lim, C.S.; Sakharkar, K.R. Biodegradation of Low Density Polythene (LDPE) by Pseudomonas Species. Indian J. Microbiol., 2012, 52(3), 411-419.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12088-012-0250-6] [PMID: 23997333]
[43]
Nwachukwu, S.; Obidi, O.; Odocha, C. Occurrence and recalcitrance of polyethylene bag waste in Nigerian soils. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 2010, 9, 6096-6104.
[44]
Ali, M.I.; Ahmed, S.; Robson, G.; Javed, I.; Ali, N.; Atiq, N.; Hameed, A. Isolation and molecular characterization of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic degrading fungal isolates. J. Basic Microbiol., 2014, 54(1), 18-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201200496] [PMID: 23686796]
[45]
Auta, H.S.; Emenike, C.; Fauziah, S.H. Screening for polypropylene degradation potential of bacteria isolated from mangrove ecosystem in Peninsular Malaysia. Int. J. Biosci. Biochem. Bioinform., 2017, 7, 245-251.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijbbb.2017.7.4.245-251]
[46]
Munuru, S.; Sandeep, T.S.R.S.; Kuvala, S.; Sudhakar, G. Biodegradation of plastic polymers by fungi: A brief review. Bioresour. Bioprocess., 2022, 9, 1-10.
[47]
Yoshida, S.; Hiraga, K.; Takehana, T.; Taniguchi, I.; Yamaji, H.; Maeda, Y.; Toyohara, K.; Miyamoto, K.; Kimura, Y.; Oda, K. A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate). Science, 2016, 351(6278), 1196-1199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6359] [PMID: 26965627]
[48]
Pardo-Rodriguez, M.L.; Zorro-Mateus, P.J.P. Biodegradation of polyvinyl chloride by Mucor sp. and Penicillium sp. isolated from soil. Revista de Investigacion Desarrollo e Innovacion, 2021, 11, 387-400.
[49]
Pometto, A.L., III; Lee, B.T.; Johnson, K.E. Production of an extracellular polyethylene-degrading enzyme(s) by Streptomyces species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1992, 58(2), 731-733.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.58.2.731-733.1992] [PMID: 1610196]
[50]
Chandra, R.; Rustgi, R. Biodegradation of maleated linear low-density polyethylene and starch blends. Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 1997, 56, 185-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(96)00212-1]
[51]
El-Shafei, H.A.; El-Nasser, N.H.A.; Kansoh, A.L.; Ali, A.M. Biodegradation of disposable polyethylene by fungi and Streptomyces spe-cies. Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 1998, 62, 361-365.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00019-6]
[52]
Iiyoshi, Y.; Tsutsumi, Y.; Nishida, T. Polyethylene degradation by lignindegrading fungi and manganese peroxidase. J. Wood Sci., 1998, 44, 222-229.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00521967]
[53]
Volke-Sepulveda, T.; Saucedo-Castaneda, G.; Gutierrez-Rojas, M.; Manzur, A.; Favela-Torres, E. Thermally treated low density polyethylene biodegradation by Penicillium pinophilum and Aspergillus niger. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2002, 83, 305-314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.2245]
[54]
Kathiresan, K. Polythene and plastic-degrading microbes in an Indian mangrove soil. Rev. Biol. Trop., 2003, 51(3-4), 629-633.
[PMID: 15162769]
[55]
Seneviratne, G.; Tennakoon, N.S.; Weerasekara, M.L.M.A.W.; Nandasena, K.A. Polyethylene biodegradation by a developed Penicillium-Bacillus biofilm. Curr. Sci., 2006, 90, 20-22.
[56]
Sudhakar, M.; Mukesh, D.; Sriyutha, P.M.; Venkatesan, R. Marine microbe-mediated biodegradation of low and high density polyethylene. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation, 2007, 61(3), 203-213.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2007.07.011]
[57]
Kumar, S.; Hatha, A.A.M.; Christi, K.S. Diversity and effectiveness of tropical mangrove soil microflora on the degradation of polythene carry bags. Rev. Biol. Trop., 2007, 55(3-4), 777-786.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v55i3-4.5954] [PMID: 19086383]
[58]
Reddy, R.M. Impact of soil composting using municipal solid waste on biodegradation of plastics. Int. J. Biotechnol., 2008, 7, 235-239.
[59]
Aswale, P. Studies on bio-degradation of polythene. PhD thesis, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University: Aurangabad, India, 2010.
[60]
Fontanella, S.; Bonhomme, S.; Koutny, M.; Husarova, L.; Brusson, J.M. Comparison of the biodegradability of various polyethylene films containing pro-oxidant Additives. Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 2009, 95, 1011-1021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.009]
[61]
Chatterjee, S.; Roy, B.; Roy, D.; Banerjee, R. Enzyme-mediated biodegradation of heat treated commercial polyethylene by Staphylococcal species. Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 2010, 95, 195-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.025]
[62]
Konduri, M.K.R.; Koteswarareddy, G.; Kumar, D.B.R.; Reddy, B.V.; Narasu, M.L. Effect of pro-oxidants on biodegradation of polyethylene (LDPE) by indigenous fungal isolate, Aspergillus oryzae. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2011, 120, 3536-3545.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.33517]
[63]
Pramila, R.; Ramesh, K.V. Biodegradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) by fungi isolated from marine water- a SEM analysis. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 2011, 5, 5013-5018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJMR11.670]
[64]
Suresh, B.; Maruthamuthu, S.; Palanisamy, N.; Ragunathan, R.; Pandiyaraj, K.N. Investigation on biodegradability of polyethylene by Bacillus cereus strain Ma-Su isolated from compost soil. Int. Res. J. Microbiol., 2011, 2, 292-302.
[65]
Rajendran, S.D.; Velu, R.K.; Krishnan, N.; Duraisamy, N.; Kanthaiah, K.; Sekar, C.; Arokiaswamy, R.A. The Role of Microbes in Plastic Degradation; Ram, C., Ed.; Environmental Waste Management, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016, pp. 341-370.
[66]
Konduri, M.K.R.; Anupam, K.S.; Vivek, J.S.; Kumar, R.D.B.; Narasu, M.L. Synergistic effect of chemical and photo treatment on the rate of biodegradation of high density polyethylene by indigenous fungal isolates. Int. J. Biotechnol. Biochem, 2010, 6, 157-174.
[67]
Aswale, P.; Ade, A. Polythene degradation potential of Aspergillus niger. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2011, 22(5610), 1-19.
[68]
Usha, R.; Sangeetha, T.; Palaniswamy, M. Screening of polyethylene degrading microorganisms from garbage soil. Libyan. Agric. Res. Cen. J. Intl, 2011, 2, 200-204.
[69]
Pooja, T. Screening of plastic degrading bacteria from dumped soil area. In: Project, Master of Science in Life Science, Department of life science National institute of technology; Rourkela: Odisha, 2012; pp. 1-49.
[70]
Sivasankari, S.; Vinotha, T. In vitro degradation of plastics (Plastic cup) using Micrococcus luteus and Masoniella Sp. Scholars Acad. J. Biosci., 2014, 2(2), 85-89.
[71]
Suman, M.; Shamba, C. A comparative study of commercially available plastic carry bag biodegradation by microorganisms isolated from hydrocarbon effluent enriched soil. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 2014, 3(5), 318-325.
[72]
Yang, J.; Yang, Y.; Wu, W.M.; Zhao, J.; Jiang, L. Evidence of polyethylene biodegradation by bacterial strains from the guts of plastic-eating waxworms. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2014, 48(23), 13776-13784.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es504038a] [PMID: 25384056]
[73]
Deepika, S.; Jaya, M.R. Biodegradation of low density polyethylene by micro-organisms from garbage soil. J. Exp. Biol. Agric. Sci., 3(1), 16-21.
[74]
Priya, T.; Adria, H. Role of microbes in degradation of synthetic plastics and manufacture of bioplastics. J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2016, 8(3), 211-216.
[75]
Omar, S.J. Screening of plastic degrading bacteria from dumped soil area. J Environ. Sci., 2017, 11(5), 93-98.
[76]
Muhonja, C.N.; Makonde, H.; Magoma, G.; Imbuga, M. Biodegradability of polyethylene by bacteria and fungi from Dandora dumpsite Nairobi-Kenya. PLoS One, 2018, 13(7), e0198446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198446] [PMID: 29979708]
[77]
Sura, A.S. Biodegradation of Polyethylene LDPE plastic waste using Locally Isolated Streptomyces sp. J. Pharm. Sci. Res, 2019, 11(4), 1333-1339.
[78]
Nur, H.; Theresia, C.; Fahrudin, A.A.; Fausiah, S.T.; Meidistria, T.R. Selection of plastic degradation indigenous bacteria isolated from tamangapa landfill Macassar city. J. Physics: Conf. Ser., 2019, 1341, 22023.
[79]
Zhang, J.; Chen, J.; Jia, R.; Dun, Z.; Wang, B.; Hu, X.; Wang, Y. Selection and evaluation of microorganisms for biodegradation of agricultural plastic film. Biotech, 2018, 8(7), 308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13205-018-1329-5] [PMID: 30002997]
[80]
Angga, P.A.; Agus, W.; Septi, W.S. A review: Plastics waste biodegradation using plastics-degrading bacteria. J. Environ. Treat. Tech., 2021, 9(1), 148-157.
[81]
Sumbal, F.; Imran, H. A review on microorganisms involved in biodegradation of plastic. J. Bioremediat. Biodegrad., 2020, 11(4), 1-5.
[82]
Mukesh, R.J.; Nehra, K.S. Assessment of plastic degrading ability of microbes isolated from local plastic dumping sites. Biosci. Biotechnol. Res. Commun., 2020, 13(4), 1-16.
[83]
Lalina, M.; Ibrar, K.; Han, S.Y.; Suji, K.; Hong-Tae, P. Identification and characterization of low density polyethylene-degrading bacteria isolated from soils of waste disposal sites. Environ. Eng. Res., 2020, 26(3), 1-9.
[84]
Shruthi, S.D.; Sambuddha, G.; Megahana, C.M.; Mani, M. Isolation and molecular characterization of plastic degrading bacteria from dumped garbage soil. Innov. J. Life Sci., 2020, 8(5), 1-5.
[85]
Christian, V.V.; Saraf, M.S.; Thakkar, A.V. Review on biodegradation of plastic waste by micro-organisms. Int. J. Trend Scientific Res. Develop., 2020, 5(1), 1121-1125.
[86]
Atanasova, N.; Stoitsova, S.; Paunova-Krasteva, T.; Kambourova, M. Plastic degradation by extremophilic bacteria. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2021, 22(11), 1-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115610] [PMID: 34070607]
[87]
Basik, A.A.; Sanglier, J.J.; Yeo, C.T.; Sudesh, K. Microbial degradation of rubber: Actinobacteria. Polymers, 2021, 13(12), 1989.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121989] [PMID: 34204568]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
25
2
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy