Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Anti-Infective Agents

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2211-3525
ISSN (Online): 2211-3533

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Recent Evidence-based Treatments for COVID-19: A Review

Author(s): Faraat Ali*, Varisha Anjum, Garima Chauhan, Asad Ali and Javed Ahamad

Volume 21, Issue 1, 2023

Published on: 05 October, 2022

Article ID: e100522204540 Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/2211352520666220510140802

Price: $65

Abstract

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease caused by SARS-COV-2 that primarily attacks the respiratory system of the host. This disease was first reported in early December 2019, and the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic disease-causing global public health emergency by mid-January 2020. The human-to-human transmission occurs by droplets, infected hands, or surfaces with an incubation time of 2-14 days. It displays signs and symptoms, and if the disease progresses, it leads to death. To avoid symptomatic symptoms or increase infection severity, early diagnosis, quarantine, and supportive care can help to cure the patient infected with COVID-19. Several attempts have been projected for the development of vaccines against COVID-19. As of July 2, 2021, 600 vaccine candidates worldwide were evaluated against SARS-CoV-2, of which 300 have reached the preclinical stage of their development. Presently, Moderna (mRNA-1273), Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute (LV-SMENP-DC), Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute (Pathogen specific APC), CanSino Biologicals (Ad5-nCoV), Inovio Pharmaceuticals (INO-4800) have plunged into the phase I/II clinical trials (Source: ClinicalTrials.gov website; WHO). Scientists are increasingly seeking a key hide behind pathogenic pathways, epidemiological features, and future drug goals, which will lead to the development of successful strategies for prevention and treatment. Based on the current published data, we summarize the structure, life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 and the various product categories available as anti- COVID-19 agents (antiviral), with special emphasis on Chinese herbal medicines, which were licensed as anti-COVID agents by the Chinese Government. Such knowledge can be used as guidelines for COVID-19 clinical therapy.

Keywords: COVID-19, coronavirus, anti-COVID drugs, Chinese traditional medicine, chloroquine, herbal medicine.

[1]
Peña-Otero, D.; Díaz-Pérez, D.; de-la-Rosa-Carrillo, D.; Bello-Dronda, S. Editorial Are we ready for the new coronavirus? Arch. Bronconeumol., 2020, 56(4), 195-196.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbr.2020.02.003] [PMID: 32171583]
[2]
Cheng, R.Z. Can early and high intravenous dose of vitamin C prevent and treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Med. Drug Discov, 2020, 100028.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100028]
[3]
Yin, X.; Dong, L.; Zhang, Y.; Bian, W.; Li, H. A mild type of childhood Covid-19 - A case report. Radiol. Infect. Dis., 2020, 7(2), 78-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrid.2020.03.004] [PMID: 32363226]
[4]
Tang, X.; Du, R.H.; Wang, R.; Cao, T.Z.; Guan, L.L.; Yang, C.Q.; Zhu, Q.; Hu, M.; Li, X.Y.; Li, Y.; Liang, L.R.; Tong, Z.H.; Sun, B.; Peng, P.; Shi, H.Z. Comparison of hospitalized patients with ARDS caused by COVID-19 and H1N1. Chest, 2020, 158(1), 195-205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.032] [PMID: 32224074]
[5]
Rodriguez-Morales, A.J.; Cardona-Ospina, J.A.; Gutiérrez-Ocampo, E.; Villamizar-Peña, R.; Holguin-Rivera, Y.; Escalera-Antezana, J.P.; Alvarado-Arnez, L.E.; Bonilla-Aldana, D.K.; Franco-Paredes, C.; Henao-Martinez, A.F.; Paniz-Mondolfi, A.; Lagos-Grisales, G.J.; Ramírez-Vallejo, E.; Suárez, J.A.; Zambrano, L.I.; Villamil-Gómez, W.E.; Balbin-Ramon, G.J.; Rabaan, A.A.; Harapan, H.; Dhama, K.; Nishiura, H.; Kataoka, H.; Ahmad, T.; Sah, R. Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med. Infect. Dis., 2020, 34, 101623.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623] [PMID: 32179124]
[6]
China, N.H.C.O.T.P.S.R.O. Diagnosis and treatment plan of coronavirus disease 2019 (tentative sixth edition). Glob. Health J., 2020, 2414-6447.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.glohj.2020.03.001]
[7]
Wilder-Smith, A.; Chiew, C.J.; Lee, V.J. Can we contain the COVID-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS? Lancet Infect. Dis., 2020, 20(5), e102-e107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30129-8] [PMID: 32145768]
[8]
Zhang, L.; Zhu, F.; Xie, L.; Wang, C.; Wang, J.; Chen, R.; Jia, P.; Guan, H.Q.; Peng, L.; Chen, Y.; Peng, P.; Zhang, P.; Chu, Q.; Shen, Q.; Wang, Y.; Xu, S.Y.; Zhao, J.P.; Zhou, M. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: A retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China. Ann. Oncol., 2020, 31(7), 894-901.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.296] [PMID: 32224151]
[9]
Mitjà, O.; Clotet, B. Use of antiviral drugs to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Lancet Glob. Health, 2020, 8(5), e639-e640.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30114-5] [PMID: 32199468]
[10]
Ren, J.L.; Zhang, A.H.; Wang, X.J. Traditional Chinese medicine for COVID-19 treatment. Pharmacol. Res., 2020, 155, 104743.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104743] [PMID: 32145402]
[11]
Lescure, F.X.; Bouadma, L.; Nguyen, D.; Parisey, M.; Wicky, P.H.; Behillil, S.; Gaymard, A.; Bouscambert-Duchamp, M.; Donati, F.; Le Hingrat, Q.; Enouf, V.; Houhou-Fidouh, N.; Valette, M.; Mailles, A.; Lucet, J.C.; Mentre, F.; Duval, X.; Descamps, D.; Malvy, D.; Timsit, J.F.; Lina, B.; van-der-Werf, S.; Yazdanpanah, Y. Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: A case series. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2020, 20(6), 697-706.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30200-0] [PMID: 32224310]
[12]
Qiu, H.; Wu, J.; Hong, L.; Luo, Y.; Song, Q.; Chen, D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: An observational cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2020, 20(6), 689-696.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5] [PMID: 32220650]
[13]
Drosten. Coronavirus-Update Folge 22. NDR, 2020.
[14]
CDC. Centers for disease control and prevention. Real-time RT–PCR panel for detection 2019-nCoV. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/rt-pcr-detection-instructions.html
[15]
Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Ye, D.; Liu, Q. Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 2020, 55(6), 105948.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948] [PMID: 32201353]
[16]
Chen, J.; Qi, T.; Liu, L.; Ling, Y.; Qian, Z.; Li, T.; Li, F.; Xu, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, S.; Song, Z.; Zeng, Y.; Shen, Y.; Shi, Y.; Zhu, T.; Lu, H. Clinical progression of patients with COVID-19 in Shanghai, China. J. Infect., 2020, 80(5), e1-e6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.004] [PMID: 32171869]
[17]
Li, X.; Geng, M.; Peng, Y.; Meng, L.; Lu, S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J. Pharm. Anal., 2020, 10(2), 102-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.001] [PMID: 32282863]
[18]
Bai, L.; Yang, D.; Wang, X.; Tong, L.; Zhu, X.; Zhong, N.; Bai, C.; Powell, C.A.; Chen, R.; Zhou, J.; Song, Y.; Zhou, X.; Zhu, H.; Han, B.; Li, Q.; Shi, G.; Li, S.; Wang, C.; Qiu, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, Y.; Liu, J.; Zhang, D.; Wu, C.; Li, J.; Yu, J.; Wang, J.; Dong, C.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, M.; Ma, X.; Zhao, L.; Yu, W.; Xu, T.; Jin, Y.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Chen, H.; Xiao, K.; Zhang, X.; Song, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Wu, X.; Sun, J.; Shen, Y.; Ye, M.; Tu, C.; Jiang, J.; Yu, H.; Tan, F. Chinese experts’ consensus on the Internet of Things-aided diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CEH, 2020, 3, 7-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceh.2020.03.001]
[19]
ACR Recommendations for the use of Chest Radiography and Computed Tomography (CT) for Suspected COVID-19 Infection. ACR., 2020. Available from: https://www.acr.org/Advocacy-and-Economics/ACR-Position-Statements/Recommendations-for-Chest-Radiography-and-CT-for-Suspected-COVID19-Infection
[20]
Bai, H.X.; Hsieh, B.; Xiong, Z.; Halsey, K.; Choi, J.W.; Tran, T.M.L.; Pan, I.; Shi, L.B.; Wang, D.C.; Mei, J.; Jiang, X.L.; Zeng, Q.H.; Egglin, T.K.; Hu, P.F.; Agarwal, S.; Xie, F.F.; Li, S.; Healey, T.; Atalay, M.K.; Liao, W.H. Performance of radiologists in differentiating COVID-19 from non-COVID-19 viral pneumonia at chest CT. Radiology, 2020, 296(2), E46-E54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200823] [PMID: 32155105]
[21]
FDA Approves First Treatment for COVID-19. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-covid-19
[22]
Singh, A.K.; Singh, A.; Singh, R.; Misra, A. Remdesivir in COVID-19: A critical review of pharmacology, pre-clinical and clinical studies. Diabetes Metab. Syndr., 2020, 14(4), 641-648.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.018] [PMID: 32428865]
[23]
Colson, P.; Rolain, J.M.; Raoult, D. Chloroquine for the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 2020, 55(3), 105923.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105923] [PMID: 32070753]
[24]
Poddighe, D.; Aljofan, M. Clinical evidences on the antiviral properties of macrolide antibiotics in the COVID-19 era and beyond. Antivir. Chem. Chemother., 2020, 28, 2040206620961712.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2040206620961712] [PMID: 32972196]
[25]
Fontaine, H.; Pol, S. Side effects of interferon-alpha in treating hepatitis C virus infection. Transplant. Proc., 2001, 33(3), 2327-2329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0041-1345(01)02010-3] [PMID: 11377548]
[26]
Duan, Y.; Zhu, H.L.; Zhou, C. Advance of promising targets and agents against COVID-19 in China. Drug Discov. Today, 2020, 25(5), 810-812.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2020.02.011] [PMID: 32198066]
[27]
Delogu, I.; Pastorino, B.; Baronti, C.; Nougairède, A.; Bonnet, E.; de Lamballerie, X. In vitro antiviral activity of arbidol against Chikungunya virus and characteristics of a selected resistant mutant. Antiviral Res., 2011, 90(3), 99-107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.182] [PMID: 21440006]
[28]
Leneva, I.A.; Russell, R.J.; Boriskin, Y.S.; Hay, A.J. Characteristics of arbidol-resistant mutants of influenza virus: Implications for the mechanism of anti-influenza action of arbidol. Antiviral Res., 2009, 81(2), 132-140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.10.009] [PMID: 19028526]
[29]
Media Release by Switzerland. Roche announces FDA approval of Xofluza (baloxavir marboxil) for people at high risk of developing influenza-related complications. Available from: https://www.roche.com/de/media/releases/med-cor-2019-10-18
[30]
Taniguchi, K.; Ando, Y.; Nobori, H.; Toba, S.; Noshi, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Kawai, M.; Yoshida, R.; Sato, A.; Shishido, T.; Naito, A.; Matsuno, K.; Okamatsu, M.; Sakoda, Y.; Kida, H. Inhibition of avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) virus by the novel cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil. Sci. Rep., 2019, 9(1), 3466.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39683-4] [PMID: 30837531]
[31]
Li, C.; Zu, S.; Deng, Y.Q.; Li, D.; Parvatiyar, K.; Quanquin, N.; Shang, J.; Sun, N.; Su, J.; Liu, Z.; Wang, M.; Aliyari, S.R.; Li, X.F.; Wu, A.; Ma, F.; Shi, Y.; Nielsevn-Saines, K.; Jung, J.U.; Qin, F.X.; Qin, C.F.; Cheng, G. Azithromycin protects against Zika virus infection by upregulating virus-induced type I and III interferon responses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2019, 63(12), e00394-e19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00394-19] [PMID: 31527024]
[32]
Mele, P.C.; Caplan, M.A. Effects of cinanserin and p-chlorophenylalanine and their interaction with d-amphetamine on DRL performance in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 1980, 12(6), 883-891.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(80)90449-9] [PMID: 6447298]
[33]
Chiow, K.H.; Phoon, M.C.; Putti, T.; Tan, B.K.; Chow, V.T. Evaluation of antiviral activities of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. extract, quercetin, quercetrin and cinanserin on murine coronavirus and dengue virus infection. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med., 2016, 9(1), 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.12.002] [PMID: 26851778]
[34]
Rosen, A.J.; Cohen, M.E. The effects of cinanserin, a potent serotonin antagonist, on the acquisition of a running response in the rat. Neuropharmacology, 1973, 12(6), 501-508.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(73)90001-4] [PMID: 4725521]
[35]
Soni, D.; Bade, A.N.; Gautam, N.; Herskovitz, J.; Ibrahim, I.M.; Smith, N.; Wojtkiewicz, M.S.; Dyavar Shetty, B.L.; Alnouti, Y.; McMillan, J.; Gendelman, H.E.; Edagwa, B.J. Synthesis of a long acting nanoformulated emtricitabine ProTide. Biomaterials, 2019, 222, 119441.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119441] [PMID: 31472458]
[36]
Liu, F.; Xu, A.; Zhang, Y.; Xuan, W.; Yan, T.; Pan, K.; Yu, W.; Zhang, J. Patients of COVID-19 may benefit from sustained Lopinavir-combined regimen and the increase of Eosinophil may predict the outcome of COVID-19 progression. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 2020, 95, 183-191.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.013] [PMID: 32173576]
[37]
Caly, L.; Druce, J.D.; Catton, M.G.; Jans, D.A.; Wagstaff, K.M. The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Res., 2020, 178, 104787.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787] [PMID: 32251768]
[38]
Mendonça, J.C.; Gama, L.A.; Hauschildt, A.T.; Corá, L.A.; Américo, M.F. Gastrointestinal effects of ivermectin treatment in rats infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis. Acta Trop., 2019, 194, 69-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.024] [PMID: 30914242]
[39]
Crump, A.; Ōmura, S. Ivermectin, ‘wonder drug’ from Japan: The human use perspective. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, Phys. Biol. Sci., 2011, 87(2), 13-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/pjab.87.13] [PMID: 21321478]
[40]
Keski-Nisula, J.; Arvola, O.; Jahnukainen, T.; Andersson, S.; Pesonen, E. Reduction of inflammation by high-dose methylprednisolone does not attenuate oxidative stress in children undergoing bidirectional Glenn procedure with or without aortic arch or pulmonary arterial repair. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth., 2020, 34(6), 1542-1547.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2019.10.015] [PMID: 32037273]
[41]
Cottin, J.; Pierre, S.; Pizzoglio, V.; Simon, C.; Durrieu, G.; Bleyzac, N.; Gouraud, A.; Dumortier, J. Methylprednisolone-related liver injury: A descriptive study using the French pharmacovigilance database. Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol., 2020, 44(5), 662-673.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2019.12.008] [PMID: 31948782]
[42]
Amirian, E.S.; Levy, J.K. Current knowledge about the antivirals remdesivir (GS-5734) and GS-441524 as therapeutic options for coronaviruses. One Health, 2020, 9, 100128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100128] [PMID: 32258351]
[43]
Wang, C.; Shi, Q.P.; Ding, F.; Jiang, X.D.; Tang, W.; Yu, M.L.; Cheng, J.Q. Reevaluation of the post-marketing safety of Xuebijing injection based on real-world and evidence-based evaluations. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2019, 109, 1523-1531.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.190] [PMID: 30551404]
[44]
Gautret, P.; Lagier, J.C.; Parola, P.; Hoang, V.T.; Meddeb, L.; Mailhe, M.; Doudier, B.; Courjon, J.; Giordanengo, V.; Vieira, V.E.; Tissot Dupont, H.; Honoré, S.; Colson, P.; Chabrière, E.; La Scola, B.; Rolain, J.M.; Brouqui, P.; Raoult, D. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: Results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 2020, 56(1), 105949.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949] [PMID: 32205204]
[45]
Gautret, P.; Lagier, J.C.; Parola, P.; Hoang, V.T.; Meddeb, L.; Sevestre, J.; Mailhe, M.; Doudier, B.; Aubry, C.; Amrane, S.; Seng, P.; Hocquart, M.; Eldin, C.; Finance, J.; Vieira, V.E.; Tissot-Dupont, H.T.; Honoré, S.; Stein, A.; Million, M.; Colson, P.; La Scola, B.; Veit, V.; Jacquier, A.; Deharo, J.C.; Drancourt, M.; Fournier, P.E.; Rolain, J.M.; Brouqui, P.; Raoult, D. Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: A pilot observational study. Travel Med. Infect. Dis., 2020, 34, 101663.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101663] [PMID: 32289548]
[46]
Bozzi, G.; Mangioni, D.; Minoia, F.; Aliberti, S.; Grasselli, G.; Barbetta, L.; Castelli, V.; Palomba, E.; Alagna, L.; Lombardi, A.; Ungaro, R.; Agostoni, C.; Baldini, M.; Blasi, F.; Cesari, M.; Costantino, G.; Fracanzani, A.L.; Montano, N.; Monzani, V.; Pesenti, A.; Peyvandi, F.; Sottocorno, M.; Muscatello, A.; Filocamo, G.; Gori, A.; Bandera, A. Anakinra combined with methylprednisolone in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and hyperinflammation: An observational cohort study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2021, 147(2), 561-566.e4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.006] [PMID: 33220354]
[47]
Narain, S.; Stefanov, D.G.; Chau, A.S.; Weber, A.G.; Marder, G.; Kaplan, B.; Malhotra, P.; Bloom, O.; Liu, A.; Lesser, M.L.; Hajizadeh, N.; Cohen, S.L.; Cookingham, J.; Hirschwerk, D.A.; Maria, N.I.; Satapathy, S.K.; Sison, C.; Taylor, M.; Qiu, M. Comparative survival analysis of immunomodulatory therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 cytokine storm. Chest, 2021, 159(3), 933-948.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.275] [PMID: 33075378]
[48]
Dimopoulos, G.; de Mast, Q.; Markou, N.; Theodorakopoulou, M.; Komnos, A.; Mouktaroudi, M.; Netea, M.G.; Spyridopoulos, T.; Verheggen, R.J.; Hoogerwerf, J.; Lachana, A.; van de Veerdonk, F.L.; Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E.J. Favorable anakinra responses in severe Covid-19 patients with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Cell Host Microbe, 2020, 28(1), 117-123.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.007] [PMID: 32411313]
[49]
Day, J.W.; Fox, T.A.; Halsey, R.; Carpenter, B.; Kottaridis, P.D. Interleukin-1 blockade with anakinra in acute leukaemia patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia appears safe and may result in clinical improvement. Br. J. Haematol., 2020, 190(2), e80-e83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16873] [PMID: 32438450]
[50]
Pontali, E.; Volpi, S.; Antonucci, G.; Castellaneta, M.; Buzzi, D.; Tricerri, F.; Angelelli, A.; Caorsi, R.; Feasi, M.; Calautti, F.; Castagnola, E.; Rollandi, G.A.; Ravelli, A.; Cassola, G.; Gattorno, M. Safety and efficacy of early high-dose IV anakinra in severe COVID-19 lung disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2020, 146(1), 213-215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.002] [PMID: 32437739]
[51]
Hasan, M.J.; Rabbani, R.; Anam, A.M.; Huq, S.M.R.; Polash, M.M.I.; Nessa, S.S.T.; Bachar, S.C. Impact of high dose of baricitinib in severe COVID-19 pneumonia: A prospective cohort study in Bangladesh. BMC Infect. Dis., 2021, 21(1), 427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06119-2] [PMID: 33962573]
[52]
Kalil, A.C. Treating COVID-19-off-label drug use, compassionate use, and randomized clinical trials during pandemics. JAMA, 2020, 323(19), 1897-1898.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4742] [PMID: 32208486]
[53]
Kalil, A.C.; Stebbing, J. Baricitinib: the first immunomodulatory treatment to reduce COVID-19 mortality in a placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir. Med., 2021, 9(12), 1349-1351.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00358-1]
[54]
MacKenzie, D. Drug development: The hunt for COVID-19 drugs. New Sci., 2020, 245(3273), 10.
[55]
Dariya, B.; Nagaraju, G.P. Understanding novel COVID-19: Its impact on organ failure and risk assessment for diabetic and cancer patients. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 2020, 53, 43-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.001] [PMID: 32409230]
[56]
Ni, W.; Yang, X.; Yang, D.; Bao, J.; Li, R.; Xiao, Y.; Hou, C.; Wang, H.; Liu, J.; Yang, D.; Xu, Y.; Cao, Z.; Gao, Z. Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19. Crit. Care, 2020, 24(1), 422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03120-0] [PMID: 32660650]
[57]
Cortegiani, A.; Ingoglia, G.; Ippolito, M.; Giarratano, A.; Einav, S. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. J. Crit. Care, 2020, 57, 279-283.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005] [PMID: 32173110]
[58]
Zhang, K. Is traditional Chinese medicine useful in the treatment of COVID-19? Am. J. Emerg. Med., 2020, 38(10), 2238.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.03.046] [PMID: 32245701]
[59]
Lee, E.Y.P.; Ng, M.Y.; Khong, P.L. COVID-19 pneumonia: What has CT taught us? Lancet Infect. Dis., 2020, 20(4), 384-385.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30134-1] [PMID: 32105641]
[60]
Zhang, Y.B.; Da, J.; Zhang, J.X.; Li, S.R.; Chen, X.; Long, H.L.; Wang, Q.R.; Cai, L.Y.; Yao, S.; Hou, J.J.; Wu, W.Y.; Guo, D.A. A feasible, economical, and accurate analytical method for simultaneous determination of six alkaloid markers in Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata from different manufacturing sources and processing ways. Chin. J. Nat. Med., 2017, 15(4), 301-309.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(17)30048-1] [PMID: 28527516]
[61]
Liu, M.; Li, Y.; Tang, Y.; Zheng, L.; Peng, C. Synergistic effect of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata water-soluble alkaloids and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma total ginsenosides compatibility on acute heart failure rats. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 2020, 1137, 121935.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121935] [PMID: 31877430]
[62]
Thomas, A. G. Western herbs according to Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Practitioner's Guide. Timer Traditio/Bear and company: Rchester., 2008, 13(1)
[63]
Rodriguez-Guerra, M.; Jadhav, P.; Vittorio, T.J. Current treatment in COVID-19 disease: A rapid review. Drugs Context, 2021, 10, 2020-10-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7573/dic.2020-10-3] [PMID: 33569082]
[64]
Lim, C.Y.; Kim, B.Y.; Lim, S.H.; Cho, S.I. A study of agastachis herba on ovalbumin-induced asthma in the mouse. Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2015, 77(5), 645-650.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.169046] [PMID: 26798185]
[65]
Liu, H.; Yan, Y.; Pang, P.; Mao, J.; Hu, X.; Li, D.; Zhou, B.; Shan, H. Angong Niuhuang Pill as adjuvant therapy for treating acute cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2019, 237, 307-313.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.043] [PMID: 30910581]
[66]
Zhou, Z.; Gao, N.; Wang, Y.; Chang, P.; Tong, Y.; Fu, S. Clinical studies on the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia with traditional Chinese medicine-a literature analysis. Front. Pharmacol., 2020, 11, 560448.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.560448] [PMID: 33013397]
[67]
Guo, Y.; Yan, S.; Xu, L.; Zhu, G.; Yu, X.; Tong, X. Use of angong niuhuang in treating central nervous system diseases and related research; Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/346918]
[68]
Song, S.; Chen, F.; Xing, X.; Ren, M.; Ma, Q.; Xie, Y.; Tang, Q.; Luo, J. Concurrent quantification and comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of bioactive compounds in the Herba Ephedrae-Semen Armeniacae Amarum herb pair. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2015, 109, 67-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.004] [PMID: 25766850]
[69]
Zhang, B.X.; Qi, X.J.; Cai, Q. Metabolomic study of raw and branfried Atractylodis Rhizoma on rats with spleen deficiency. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2020, 182, 112927.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112927] [PMID: 32007825]
[70]
He, J.; Chen, C.; He, Q.; Li, J.; Ying, F.; Chen, G. The central bacterial community in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae ‘Chachiensis’. Int. Food Res. J., 2019, 125, 108624.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108624] [PMID: 31554059]
[71]
Yu, X.; Sun, S.; Guo, Y.; Liu, Y.; Yang, D.; Li, G.; Lü, S. Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi): Botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of a frequently used traditional Chinese medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2018, 220, 265-282.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.031] [PMID: 29628291]
[72]
Dai, Y.; Li, Q.; Tong, J.; Verpoorte, R.; Zhao, S.J.; Qin, X.M.; Chen, S. Quality marker identification based on standard decoction of differently processed materials of Ephedrae Herba. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2019, 237, 47-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.025] [PMID: 30898554]
[73]
Ang, L.; Lee, H.W.; Choi, J.Y.; Zhang, J.; Soo Lee, M. Herbal medicine and pattern identification for treating COVID-19: A rapid review of guidelines. Integr. Med. Res., 2020, 9(2), 100407.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2020.100407] [PMID: 32289016]
[74]
Bao, J.; Ding, R.B.; Jia, X.; Liang, Y.; Liu, F.; Wang, K.; Zhang, C.; Li, P.; Wang, Y.; Wan, J.B.; He, C. Fast identification of anticancer constituents in Forsythiae Fructus based on metabolomics approaches. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2018, 154, 312-320.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.020] [PMID: 29567574]
[75]
Zhao, Y.; Jia, R.; Qiao, Y.; Wang, D. Glycyrrhizic acid, active component from Glycyrrhizae radix, prevents toxicity of graphene oxide by influencing functions of microRNAs in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Nanomedicine, 2016, 12(3), 735-744.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2015.10.008] [PMID: 26552872]
[76]
Ikarashi, N.; Ogiue, N.; Toyoda, E.; Kon, R.; Ishii, M.; Toda, T.; Aburada, T.; Ochiai, W.; Sugiyama, K. Gypsum fibrosum and its major component CaSO4 increase cutaneous aquaporin-3 expression levels. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2012, 139(2), 409-413.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.025] [PMID: 22138657]
[77]
Kim, S.B.; Seo, Y.S.; Kim, H.S.; Lee, A.Y.; Chun, J.M.; Moon, B.C.; Kwon, B.I. Anti-asthmatic effects of lepidii seu Descurainiae Semen plant species in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2019, 244, 112083.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112083] [PMID: 31344479]
[78]
Lin, L.; Dai, F.; Ren, G.; Wei, J.; Chen, Z.; Tang, X. Efficacy of lianhuaqingwen granules in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps. Am. J. Otolaryngol., 2020, 41(1), 102311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.102311] [PMID: 31732300]
[79]
Runfeng, L.; Yunlong, H.; Jicheng, H.; Weiqi, P.; Qinhai, M.; Yongxia, S.; Chufang, L.; Jin, Z.; Zhenhua, J.; Haiming, J.; Kui, Z.; Shuxiang, H.; Jun, D.; Xiaobo, L.; Xiaotao, H.; Lin, W.; Nanshan, Z.; Zifeng, Y. Lianhuaqingwen exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity against novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Pharmacol. Res., 2020, 156, 104761.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104761] [PMID: 32205232]
[80]
Luo, H.; Wu, H.; Yu, X.; Zhang, X.; Lu, Y.; Fan, J.; Tang, L.; Wang, Z. A review of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Magnoliae officinalis cortex. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2019, 236, 412-442.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.041] [PMID: 30818008]
[81]
Tian, Y.; Gong, P.; Wu, Y.; Chang, S.; Xu, J.; Yu, B.; Qi, J. Screening and identification of potential active components in Ophiopogonis Radix against atherosclerosis by biospecific cell extraction. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 2019, 1133, 121817.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121817] [PMID: 31760111]
[82]
Su, T.; Zhang, W.W.; Zhang, Y.M.; Cheng, B.C.Y.; Fu, X.Q.; Li, T.; Guo, H.; Li, Y.X.; Zhu, P.L.; Cao, H.; Yu, Z.L. Standardization of the manufacturing procedure for Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum cum Zingibere et Alumine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2016, 193, 663-669.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.038] [PMID: 27717907]
[83]
Zhang, F.; Zhan, Q.; Gao, S.; Dong, X.; Jiang, B.; Sun, L.; Tao, X.; Chen, W.S. Chemical profile- and pharmacokinetics-based investigation of the synergistic property of Platycodonis radix in traditional Chinese medicine formula Shengxian decoction. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2014, 152(3), 497-507.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.033] [PMID: 24524880]
[84]
Li, H.; Tan, L.; Zhang, J.W.; Chen, H.; Liang, B.; Qiu, T.; Li, Q.S.; Cai, M.; Zhang, Q.H. Quercetin is the active component of Yang-Yin-Qing-Fei-Tang to induce apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Am. J. Chin. Med., 2019, 47(4), 879-893.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X19500460] [PMID: 31179723]
[85]
Miyamoto, K.; Furusawa, K.I.; Kuroiwa, A.; Saito, M.; Miyata, T.; Furukawa, T. Effects of qing-fei-tang on the airway inflammation and clearance. Am. J. Chin. Med., 1990, 18, 5-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X90000034]
[86]
Zheng, L.; Chen, S.; Cao, Y.; Zhao, L.; Gao, Y.; Ding, X.; Wang, X.; Gu, Y.; Wang, S.; Zhu, Z.; Yuan, Y.; Chen, X.; Chai, Y. Combination of comprehensive two-dimensional prostate cancer cell membrane chromatographic system and network pharmacology for characterizing membrane binding active components from Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and their targets. J. Chromatogr. A, 2018, 1564, 145-154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.015] [PMID: 29895409]
[87]
Hou, G.Y.; Men, L.H.; Wang, L.; Zheng, Z.; Liu, Z.Q.; Song, F.R.; Liu, Z.Y. Quantitative analysis of urinary endogenous markers for the treatment effect of Radix Scutellariae on type 2 diabetes rats. Chin. Chem. Lett., 2017, 28(6), 1214-1219.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2016.12.039]
[88]
Zhang, Q.; Cai, C.; Wang, P.; Ding, N.; Gao, J.; Zhang, Y.; Ma, Z.; Lei, H.; Li, Q.; Jian, L.; Si, Y. Baicalin and rutin are major constituents in Shuanghuanglian injection involving anaphylactoid reaction. J. Tradit. Chin. Med., 2017, 37(3), 412-420.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6272(17)30079-1] [PMID: 31682386]
[89]
Tang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Huo, C.; Guo, X.; Yang, G.; Wang, M.; Tian, H.; Hu, Y.; Dong, H. Antiviral effects of Shuanghuanglian injection powder against influenza A virus H5N1 in vitro and in vivo. Microb. Pathog., 2018, 121, 318-324.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.004] [PMID: 29864534]
[90]
Liu, N.; Li, S.; Fan, K.; Lu, T.; Li, T. The prevention and treatment of COVID-19 with Qingfei Paidu decoction in Shanxi China. TMR Mod. Herb. Med., 2020, 3, 1-5.
[91]
Chow, H.C.; So, T.H.; Choi, H.C.W.; Lam, K.O. Literature review of traditional chinese medicine herbs-induced liver injury from an oncological perspective with RUCAM. Integr. Cancer Ther., 2019, 18(18), 1534735419869479.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735419869479] [PMID: 31405304]
[92]
Goodridge, H.S.; Ahmed, S.S.; Curtis, N.; Kollmann, T.R.; Levy, O.; Netea, M.G.; Pollard, A.J.; van Crevel, R.; Wilson, C.B. Harnessing the beneficial heterologous effects of vaccination. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2016, 16(6), 392-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.43] [PMID: 27157064]
[93]
Arts, R.J.W.; Moorlag, S.J.C.F.M.; Novakovic, B.; Li, Y.; Wang, S.Y.; Oosting, M.; Kumar, V.; Xavier, R.J.; Wijmenga, C.; Joosten, L.A.B.; Reusken, C.B.E.M.; Benn, C.S.; Aaby, P.; Koopmans, M.P.; Stunnenberg, H.G.; van Crevel, R.; Netea, M.G. BCG vaccination protects against experimental viral infection in humans through the induction of cytokines associated with trained immunity. Cell Host Microbe, 2018, 23(1), 89-100.e5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2017.12.010] [PMID: 29324233]
[94]
Miller, A.; Reandelar, M.J.; Fasciglione, K.; Roumenova, V.; Li, Y.; Otazu, G.H. Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced mortality for COVID-19. MedRxiv, 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937]
[95]
Dayal, D.; Gupta, S. Connecting BCG vaccination and COVID-19: Additional data. MedRXiv, 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20053272]
[96]
World Health Organization. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and COVID-19: Scientific brief, 2020. Available from: No. WHO/2019-nCoV/Sci_Brief/BCGvaccination/2020.1
[97]
Liang, B.; Chen, J.; Li, T.; Wu, H.; Yang, W.; Li, Y.; Li, J.; Yu, C.; Nie, F.; Ma, Z.; Yang, M.; Xiao, M.; Nie, P.; Gao, Y.; Qian, C.; Hu, M. Clinical remission of a critically ill COVID-19 patient treated by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(31), e21429.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000021429] [PMID: 32756149]
[98]
Hashemi, S.M.; Hassan, Z.M.; Hossein-Khannazer, N.; Pourfathollah, A.A.; Soudi, S. Investigating the route of administration and efficacy of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and conditioned medium in type 1 diabetic mice. Inflammopharmacology, 2020, 28(2), 585-601.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10787-019-00661-x] [PMID: 31741175]
[99]
Hossein-Khannazer, N.; Hashemi, S.M.; Namaki, S.; Ghanbarian, H.; Sattari, M.; Khojasteh, A. Study of the immunomodulatory effects of osteogenic differentiated human dental pulp stem cells. Life Sci., 2019, 216, 111-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.040] [PMID: 30465790]
[100]
Raza, S.S.; Khan, M.A. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A new front emerge in COVID19 treatment: Mesenchymal Stem Cells therapy for SARS-CoV2 viral infection. Cytotherapy, 2020, 24(8), 755-766.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.07.002]
[101]
Liu, S.; Peng, D.; Qiu, H.; Yang, K.; Fu, Z.; Zou, L. Mesenchymal stem cells as a potential therapy for COVID-19. Stem Cell Res. Ther., 2020, 11(1), 169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-020-01678-8] [PMID: 32366290]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
27
2
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy