Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and recently has become a serious global pandemic. Age, gender, and comorbidities are known to be common risk factors for severe COVID-19 but are not enough to fully explain the magnitude of their effect on the risk of severity of the disease. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several genes have been reported as a genetic factor contributing to COVID-19 severity. This comprehensive review focuses on the association between SNPs in four important genes and COVID-19 severity in a global aspect. We discuss a total of 39 SNPs in this review: five SNPs in the ABO gene, nine SNPs in the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene, 19 SNPs in the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) gene, and six SNPs in the toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) gene. These SNPs data could assist in monitoring an individual’s risk of severe COVID-19 disease, and therefore personalized management and pharmaceutical treatment could be planned in COVID-19 patients.
Keywords: COVID-19 single nucleotide polymorphism, ABO, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, transmembrane protease, serine 2, toll-like receptor 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6775] [PMID: 32320003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394] [PMID: 32250385]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.13719] [PMID: 32706371]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3] [PMID: 32171076]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2015432] [PMID: 32437596]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.13372] [PMID: 32702090]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1985] [PMID: 32444460]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00608] [PMID: 33464914]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cei.12578] [PMID: 25560985]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/gene.2014.10] [PMID: 24622688]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040168] [PMID: 31574965]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/trf.15760] [PMID: 32216153]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/286810] [PMID: 25054136]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-5140-1.00026-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-012-2288-2] [PMID: 23184045]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.248757] [PMID: 22895671]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajco.12083] [PMID: 23714093]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12098] [PMID: 25155765]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0442-y] [PMID: 25064033]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm860] [PMID: 12692541]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/339883] [PMID: 12001052]
[PMID: 15784866]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12881-020-0975-8] [PMID: 32093636]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2020283] [PMID: 32558485]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002623] [PMID: 33057633]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.22.20236414]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.907873] [PMID: 20529992]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5732/cjc.013.10060] [PMID: 23816557]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.13111] [PMID: 26286125]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12185-020-03061-y] [PMID: 33389655]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00654.x] [PMID: 21534939]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06062-x] [PMID: 32367170]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vox.13076] [PMID: 33578447]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-09-874552] [PMID: 30760452]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000496820] [PMID: 31085919]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen33973]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00011-020-01401-6] [PMID: 32918567]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.20.20215608]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029621999099] [PMID: 33835872]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jalm/jfab042] [PMID: 33930144]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.15067] [PMID: 32881304]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0346] [PMID: 32694169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0049-3848(89)90317-4] [PMID: 2467404]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091848] [PMID: 28869534]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.20.20248572]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403812101] [PMID: 15496474]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10010001] [PMID: 33375175]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.22.165803]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1570] [PMID: 15141377]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00662-x] [PMID: 32345362]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.29.123513]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/msb.20209610] [PMID: 32715618]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12010042] [PMID: 33396837]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcmd.2021.102571] [PMID: 33894687]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313658] [PMID: 31969017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2021.02.016] [PMID: 33750629]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00854-7] [PMID: 33888907]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0213] [PMID: 21680535]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0b013e3182232975] [PMID: 21792085]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2009.70] [PMID: 20066004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.09.006] [PMID: 17049503]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487320922370] [PMID: 32343152]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature24265] [PMID: 29022598]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41420-020-0276-1] [PMID: 32499922]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01383-6] [PMID: 32936429]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370217718808] [PMID: 28661206]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110748] [PMID: 33152916]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200487] [PMID: 33111872]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acel.13168] [PMID: 32558150]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2016] [PMID: 29351514]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2006.03.001] [PMID: 16581295]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-10-0045] [PMID: 20134095]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03120-0] [PMID: 32660650]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101615] [PMID: 32863223]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003138117] [PMID: 32376634]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.18.20135152]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.564741] [PMID: 33101387]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03014460.2013.837195] [PMID: 24112034]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12944-018-0890-6] [PMID: 30342552]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.059] [PMID: 30917908]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41440-018-0166-6] [PMID: 30542083]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2011.188] [PMID: 21993363]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-005-0718-5] [PMID: 16283142]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0771-3] [PMID: 30227878]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5] [PMID: 32139904]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8] [PMID: 32171062]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-020-09974-z] [PMID: 33405098]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpaa223] [PMID: 33386398]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lab.2005.10.001] [PMID: 16459167]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000012917] [PMID: 30335025]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470320311405557] [PMID: 21490025]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20060020] [PMID: 16822235]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40246-020-00279-z] [PMID: 32917283]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27160] [PMID: 34170561]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2020.145102] [PMID: 32882331]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.103415] [PMID: 32501810]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2020-001424] [PMID: 33443121]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12625] [PMID: 28895159]
[PMID: 10485450]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2017.07.016] [PMID: 28778717]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.018] [PMID: 32861340]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41585-020-0319-7] [PMID: 32313110]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035876] [PMID: 22558251]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2020.05.013] [PMID: 32502616]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035] [PMID: 32413319]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.00872] [PMID: 32849840]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052] [PMID: 32142651]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5] [PMID: 32225176]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002589117] [PMID: 32165541]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2020.08.003] [PMID: 32828550]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.576745] [PMID: 33117379]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02202-13] [PMID: 24227843]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102322] [PMID: 33748697]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00056.2018] [PMID: 30461288]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101585] [PMID: 32989429]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.04.21252931]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.24.050534]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104621] [PMID: 33278516]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2013-1098] [PMID: 24109594]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv246] [PMID: 25904605]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-019-2566-7] [PMID: 31488196]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12026-020-09137-5] [PMID: 32524333]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.202001115R] [PMID: 32525600]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70099-8] [PMID: 21719349]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112240] [PMID: 25581309]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/apb.2015.082] [PMID: 26793605]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510801103] [PMID: 16446426]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077159] [PMID: 24146965]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098239] [PMID: 24886842]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkx1158] [PMID: 29165655]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26826] [PMID: 33506952]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1093616] [PMID: 14976261]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400937101] [PMID: 15034168]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1001337107] [PMID: 20733074]
[PMID: 22325161]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000430367] [PMID: 26315138]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.23256] [PMID: 19821521]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmhg.2014.07.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831fb540] [PMID: 19114863]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.67569] [PMID: 33650967]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.gene.6363791] [PMID: 11607792]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f4de35] [PMID: 18356597]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03646.x] [PMID: 18373699]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i32.3745] [PMID: 21990957]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.21278] [PMID: 16052591]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117900] [PMID: 32502542]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00621-17] [PMID: 28724761]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510518103] [PMID: 16434471]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0421-x] [PMID: 30936491]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/vol10-2gmr1064] [PMID: 21523653]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2818-3] [PMID: 32998156]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41421-021-00318-6] [PMID: 34465742]