Abstract
Background: Astaxanthin suppressed obesity in rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD) via the restriction of adipose tissue build-out, therefore, improving insulin sensitivity and inflammation. Metformin reduces insulin resistance and may reduce weight.
Aim: Investigation of the effects of astaxanthin and metformin in obesity prompted by a high-fat diet.
Objective: The present article investigates the effects of astaxanthin and metformin in obesity prompted by a high-fat diet in rats through measuring miRNA222 and 378.
Materials: The rats were classified into four classes containing ten albino rats each: Group I (Normal group): nourished with ordinary diet for 8weeks. Group II (Control positive): nourished with a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Group III: nourished with astaxanthin (50mg/kg)(1/40 LD50) orally plus a high-fat diet for 8weeks. Group IV: nourished with metformin (500mg/kg) orally plus a high-fat diet for 8 weeks.
Methods: Leptin, adiponectin, calprotectin and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were assessed by rat-specific ELISA kits. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), miRNA222 and miRNA378 expressions were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR.
Results: Astaxanthin and metformin have anti-obesity and antioxidant actions and significantly decreased the weight of the body, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, triglycerides and leptin, as well as plasma calprotectin & IL-6 and increased HDL-C and adiponectin. The liver TNF-α gene expression, adipose tissue miRNA222 and miRNA378 expression were decreased compared to HFD control rats.
Discussion and conclusion: Astaxanthin has regulated the aberrant expression of miRNA222 and 378 that may be related to hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. Accordingly, astaxanthin deserves a clinical trial in the future due to its effects on miRNAs involved in obesity.
Keywords: Adiponectin, astaxanthin, calprotectin, miRNA222, miRNA378, obesity.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15761/IOD.1000217]
[PMID: 19174948]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04681.x] [PMID: 17914984]
[PMID: 18773755]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2008.07.1788] [PMID: 18654066]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np050354+] [PMID: 16562856]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6FO01721E] [PMID: 27924978]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-2736(01)00326-1] [PMID: 11406102]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225342] [PMID: 33207669]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2004.07.009] [PMID: 15522274]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10059-013-1044-3] [PMID: 14503852]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jocmr2672w] [PMID: 27635173]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.10.012] [PMID: 19892350]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111537] [PMID: 25379946]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2005.06.023] [PMID: 16126197]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md10040890] [PMID: 22690149]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc13-1847] [PMID: 24478399]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-2046] [PMID: 24601884]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207605109] [PMID: 22949648]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.28.47] [PMID: 15635162]
[PMID: 28537659]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41366-019-0363-7] [PMID: 30967607]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00045632690060010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/aapsj0902029] [PMID: 17907767]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/28.10.2077] [PMID: 6812986]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/20.4.470] [PMID: 4818200]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00011-009-0077-8] [PMID: 19693648]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262] [PMID: 11846609]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.9.2488] [PMID: 12221198]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2003.10.008] [PMID: 14962690]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030151] [PMID: 12788841]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.25.188] [PMID: 11853163]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.12.3358] [PMID: 16306350]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01343-8] [PMID: 12591104]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S275898] [PMID: 33116712]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2009.12.002] [PMID: 23960717]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md14020035] [PMID: 26861359]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151193] [PMID: 26985993]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-017-1403-5] [PMID: 28879415]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.181] [PMID: 26374448]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M402367200] [PMID: 15123605]
[PMID: 27313173]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005606] [PMID: 19440331]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986708785133004] [PMID: 18691043]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.02-0822] [PMID: 12766075]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.03133] [PMID: 32038642]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI26498] [PMID: 16691291]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db07-0767] [PMID: 17848624]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-3084(01)00136-0] [PMID: 11687223]
[PMID: 19131704]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.782-788] [PMID: 30034170]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12013-014-9980-x] [PMID: 24771406]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.030] [PMID: 28978468]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007419] [PMID: 19823685]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207575] [PMID: 33081030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db20-1271-]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0807763105] [PMID: 18824696]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-014-1911-z] [PMID: 24875007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12263-017-0577-z] [PMID: 28974990]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ncrna6010005] [PMID: 31979312]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cam4.412] [PMID: 25641933]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7FO00739F] [PMID: 28782785]
[PMID: 24569228]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.0209] [PMID: 31794687]