Abstract
Background: Accelerated atherosclerosis is widely present in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Objective: The aim of this review was to analyze the relationship between systemic lupus erythematosus and cardiovascular diseases, with the emphasis on acute myocardial infarction.
Methods: We conducted a literature review through PubMed and Cochrane, using keywords: SLE, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, prognosis, sex specifics.
Results: Various molecular mechanisms triggered by infection/inflammation are responsible for endothelial dysfunction and the development of atherosclerosis at an earlier age. A contributing factor is the cumulative effect of traditional cardiovascular risk factors interaction with disease-related characteristics. Myocardial infarction rates are 2- to 10-fold higher compared to the general population. Young women have the highest relative risk, however, men carry at least 3-fold higher risk than women. Coronary involvement varies from normal coronary artery with thrombosis, coronary microartery vasculitis, coronary arteritis, and coronary atherosclerosis. Typical clinical presentation is observed in men and older women, while atypical is more frequent in young women. Treatment is guided by the underlying mechanism, engaging invasive procedures alone, or accompanied with immunosuppressive and/or anti-inflammatory therapy. There are significant gender differences in pathophysiology and clinical presentation. However, they receive the same therapeutic treatments.
Conclusion: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a major contributor to atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic mechanisms involved in the development of myocardial infarction, which should be taken into account during therapeutic treatment. Although systemic lupus erythematosus per se is a “female” disease, males are at increased cardiovascular risk and worse outcomes.
Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, prevalence, outcome, sex-specific risk profile.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Myocardial Infarction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus – the Sex-Specific Risk Profile
Volume: 27 Issue: 29
Author(s): Marija Vavlukis*, Daniela Pop-Gjorcevab, Lidija Poposka, Emilija Sandevska and Sasko Kedev
Affiliation:
- University Clinic for Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Ss’ Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje,North Macedonia
Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, prevalence, outcome, sex-specific risk profile.
Abstract:
Background: Accelerated atherosclerosis is widely present in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Objective: The aim of this review was to analyze the relationship between systemic lupus erythematosus and cardiovascular diseases, with the emphasis on acute myocardial infarction.
Methods: We conducted a literature review through PubMed and Cochrane, using keywords: SLE, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, prognosis, sex specifics.
Results: Various molecular mechanisms triggered by infection/inflammation are responsible for endothelial dysfunction and the development of atherosclerosis at an earlier age. A contributing factor is the cumulative effect of traditional cardiovascular risk factors interaction with disease-related characteristics. Myocardial infarction rates are 2- to 10-fold higher compared to the general population. Young women have the highest relative risk, however, men carry at least 3-fold higher risk than women. Coronary involvement varies from normal coronary artery with thrombosis, coronary microartery vasculitis, coronary arteritis, and coronary atherosclerosis. Typical clinical presentation is observed in men and older women, while atypical is more frequent in young women. Treatment is guided by the underlying mechanism, engaging invasive procedures alone, or accompanied with immunosuppressive and/or anti-inflammatory therapy. There are significant gender differences in pathophysiology and clinical presentation. However, they receive the same therapeutic treatments.
Conclusion: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a major contributor to atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic mechanisms involved in the development of myocardial infarction, which should be taken into account during therapeutic treatment. Although systemic lupus erythematosus per se is a “female” disease, males are at increased cardiovascular risk and worse outcomes.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Vavlukis Marija *, Pop-Gjorcevab Daniela, Poposka Lidija , Sandevska Emilija and Kedev Sasko , Myocardial Infarction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus – the Sex-Specific Risk Profile, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2021; 27 (29) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201210110809
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201210110809 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Regulating the Safety of Probiotics - The European Approach
Current Pharmaceutical Design Acethylcholinesterase Inhibition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Diaryl Oxalates
Current Enzyme Inhibition Long-term Results After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: What do we Know Today?
Current Cardiology Reviews Appropriate Utilization of Restricted Antibiotics in a General Hospital of a Perfecture Area in Greece
Current Drug Safety Antibiotic Dosage Regimens in Respiratory Tract Infections in the Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Era
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Pneumococcal Infections at Hajj: Current Knowledge Gaps
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets Antifungal Therapy of Aspergillosis of the Central Nervous System and Aspergillus Endophthalmitis
Current Pharmaceutical Design Current Advances in the Identification and Characterization of Putative Drug and Vaccine Targets in the Bacterial Genomes
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Antithrombotic Therapy in Cardiac Embolism
Current Cardiology Reviews Treatment Options for Persistent Coagulase Negative Staphylococcal Bacteremia in Neonates
Current Pediatric Reviews Oral Colonization by Nosocomial Pathogens During Hospitalization in Intensive Care Unit and Prevention Strategies
Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery Prevalence of Nasal Colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Current Rheumatology Reviews Complementary Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Current Drug Targets Endocarditis Due to Salmonella Enterica Subsp. Arizonae in a Patient with Sickle Cell Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Drug Interactions During Periodontal Therapy in HIV-Infected Subjects
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Sutureless Aortic Valve Replacement Using Perceval S Valve
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Oral Infection and Vascular Disease
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: Antithrombotic Therapy in Cardiac Embolism
Current Drug Targets Linezolid in Children: Recent Patents and Advances
Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery Waste Material of Propolis as a Film Forming Agent Intended to Modify the Metronidazole Release: Preparation and Characterization
Current Drug Delivery