Biological Nanofactories: Using Living Forms for Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis

Shilpi       Srivastava; Zeba       Usmani; Atanas    G.    Atanasov; Vinod    Kumar    Singh; Nagendra    Pratap    Singh; Ahmed    M.    Abdel-Azeem; Ram       Prasad; Govind       Gupta; Minaxi       Sharma; Atul       Bhargava
Abstract

Metal nanoparticles are nanosized entities with dimensions of 1-100 nm that are increasingly in demand due to applications in diverse fields like electronics, sensing, environmental remediation, oil recovery and drug delivery. Metal nanoparticles possess large surface energy and properties different from bulk materials due to their small size, large surface area with free dangling bonds and higher reactivity. High cost and pernicious effects associated with the chemical and physical methods of nanoparticle synthesis are gradually paving the way for biological methods due to their eco-friendly nature. Considering the vast potentiality of microbes and plants as sources, biological synthesis can serve as a green technique for the synthesis of nanoparticles as an alternative to conventional methods. A number of reviews are available on green synthesis of nanoparticles but few have focused on covering the entire biological agents in this process. Therefore present paper describes the use of various living organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, bryophytes and tracheophytes in the biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles, the mechanisms involved and the advantages associated therein.
Keywords: Metal nanoparticles, green nanotechnology, bacteria, fungi, lower plants, angiosperms.
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DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557520999201116163012	Print ISSN 1389-5575
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