Login Register Cart 0
Review Article

一个关于Δ9-THC的Agathokakological故事Δ9-THC:探索可能的生物目标

卷 22, 期 7, 2021

发表于: 01 October, 2020

页: [823 - 834] 页: 12

弟呕挨: 10.2174/1389450121666201001123515

价格: $65

摘要

Δ9-四氢大麻酚(δ9-THC)是大麻中的活性植物大麻素，实际上是内源性大麻素信号系统的辅助物。通过与G蛋白偶联受体CB1和CB2相互作用，Δ9-THC通过降低交感神经活性、改变基因表达、细胞增殖和分化、减少白细胞迁移、调节神经递质释放来影响外周和中枢循环，从而调节心血管功能、肿瘤发生、免疫反应、行为和运动活性。Δ9-THC有效抑制化疗诱导的呕吐，延缓恶性肿瘤生长，抑制转移，促进细胞凋亡。其他涉及的机制是靶向人乳腺癌G2-M期细胞周期，下调人多形性胶质母细胞瘤E2F转录因子1 (E2F1)，刺激ER应激诱导的自噬。Δ9-四氢大麻酚还在改善神经炎症、兴奋性毒性、神经可塑性、创伤和中风方面发挥作用，并与缓解儿童癫痫、脑外伤和神经退行性疾病有关。Δ9-THC通过CB1受体影响伤害感受、情绪、记忆，并降低癫痫患者的神经元兴奋性和兴奋毒性。它还增加肾血流量，通过交感神经途径降低眼压，并调节激素释放，从而降低生殖功能并增加葡萄糖代谢。多功能医用大麻刺激了大量研究，证明了实质性的治疗前景，表明了一流药物在不同治疗领域的可能性。本文综述了植物大麻素Δ9-四氢大麻酚及其合成类似物在癌症、心血管疾病和神经退行性疾病中的药理学现状。

关键词: Δ9-四氢大麻酚，四氢大麻酚，癫痫，动脉粥样硬化，神经炎症，神经退行性疾病

« Previous Next »
图形摘要

[1]
Booth M. Cannabis: A History. Macmillan 2005.
[2]
O’Shaughnessy WB. On the preparations of the Indian hemp, or Gunjah: Cannabis indica their effects on the animal system in health, and their utility in the treatment of tetanus and other convulsive diseases. Prov Med J Retrosp Med Sci 1843; 5(123): 363.
[3]
Sandeep C. World drug report 2011. U N Publ U N Off Drugs Crime UNODC 2011.
[4]
Touw M. The religious and medicinal uses of Cannabis in China, India and Tibet. J Psychoactive Drugs 1981; 13(1): 23-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1981.10471447] [PMID: 7024492]
[5]
Voth EA, Schwartz RH. Medicinal applications of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126(10): 791-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-126-10-199705150-00008] [PMID: 9148653]
[6]
ElSohly M, Gul W. Constituents of cannabis sativa. Handb Cannabis 2014; 3: 1093.
[7]
Mechoulam R, Gaoni Y. A total synthesis of dl-Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol, the active constituent of hashish1. J Am Chem Soc 1965; 87(14): 3273-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01092a065] [PMID: 14324315]
[8]
Gaoni Y, Mechoulam R. Isolation, structure, and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish. J Am Chem Soc 1964; 86(8): 1646-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01062a046]
[9]
delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2978
[10]
Sharma P, Murthy P, Bharath MM. Chemistry, metabolism, and toxicology of cannabis: clinical implications. Iran J Psychiatry 2012; 7(4): 149-56.
[PMID: 23408483]
[11]
Baker D, Pryce G, Giovannoni G, Thompson AJ. The therapeutic potential of cannabis. Lancet Neurol 2003; 2(5): 291-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00381-8] [PMID: 12849183]
[12]
McPartland JM, Duncan M, Di Marzo V, Pertwee RG. Are cannabidiol and Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabivarin negative modulators of the endocannabinoid system? A systematic review. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172(3): 737-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12944] [PMID: 25257544]
[13]
Howlett AC, Bidaut-Russell M, Devane WA, Melvin LS, Johnson MR, Herkenham M. The cannabinoid receptor: biochemical, anatomical and behavioral characterization. Trends Neurosci 1990; 13(10): 420-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(90)90124-S] [PMID: 1700516]
[14]
Mukhopadhyay S, Shim J-Y, Assi A-A, Norford D, Howlett AC. CB(1) cannabinoid receptor-G protein association: a possible mechanism for differential signaling. Chem Phys Lipids 2002; 121(1-2): 91-109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-3084(02)00153-6] [PMID: 12505694]
[15]
Niehaus JL, Liu Y, Wallis KT, et al. CB1 cannabinoid receptor activity is modulated by the cannabinoid receptor interacting protein CRIP 1a. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72(6): 1557-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.107.039263] [PMID: 17895407]
[16]
Isbell H, Gorodetzsky CW, Jasinski D, Claussen U, von Spulak F, Korte F. Effects of (--)δ-9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol in man. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1967; 11(2): 184-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401256] [PMID: 4871478]
[17]
Howlett AC. Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1995; 35(1): 607-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.35.040195.003135] [PMID: 7598509]
[18]
Malan TP Jr, Ibrahim MM, Deng H, et al. CB2 cannabinoid receptor-mediated peripheral antinociception. Pain 2001; 93(3): 239-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00321-9] [PMID: 11514083]
[19]
Porcella A, Marchese G, Casu MA, et al. Evidence for functional CB1 cannabinoid receptor expressed in the rat thyroid. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 147(2): 255-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1470255] [PMID: 12153749]
[20]
Ryberg E, Larsson N, Sjögren S, et al. The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152(7): 1092-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707460] [PMID: 17876302]
[21]
Pertwee RG. Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptor ligands. Curr Med Chem 1999; 6(8): 635-64.
[PMID: 10469884]
[22]
Devane WA, Dysarz FA III, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Howlett AC. Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 1988; 34(5): 605-13.
[PMID: 2848184]
[23]
Bhattacharya SK. delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) increases brain prostaglandins in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1986; 90(4): 499-502.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174068] [PMID: 3027735]
[24]
Ungerleider JT, Andrysiak T. Therapeutic issues of marijuana and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). Int J Addict 1985; 20(5): 691-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826088509044289] [PMID: 2995262]
[25]
Bambico FR, Hattan PR, Garant J-P, Gobbi G. Effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on behavioral despair and on pre- and postsynaptic serotonergic transmission. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38(1): 88-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.02.006] [PMID: 22386778]
[26]
Bloomfield MA, Ashok AH, Volkow ND, Howes OD. The effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the dopamine system. Nature 2016; 539(7629): 369-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature20153] [PMID: 27853201]
[27]
Colizzi M, Weltens N, McGuire P, et al. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol increases striatal glutamate levels in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0374-8] [PMID: 30770892]
[28]
Sano K, Mishima K, Koushi E, et al. Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced catalepsy-like immobilization is mediated by decreased 5-HT neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens due to the action of glutamate-containing neurons. Neuroscience 2008; 151(2): 320-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.026] [PMID: 18083311]
[29]
Pertwee RG. Emerging strategies for exploiting cannabinoid receptor agonists as medicines. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156(3): 397-411.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00048.x] [PMID: 19226257]
[30]
Baker D, Pryce G, Croxford JL, et al. Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. Nature 2000; 404(6773): 84-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35003583] [PMID: 10716447]
[31]
Raman C, McAllister SD, Rizvi G, Patel SG, Moore DH, Abood ME. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: delayed disease progression in mice by treatment with a cannabinoid. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord 2004; 5(1): 33-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660820310016813] [PMID: 15204022]
[32]
García-Arencibia M, González S, de Lago E, Ramos JA, Mechoulam R, Fernández-Ruiz J. Evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of cannabinoids in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease: importance of antioxidant and cannabinoid receptor-independent properties. Brain Res 2007; 1134(1): 162-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.063] [PMID: 17196181]
[33]
Fernández-Ruiz J, Moreno-Martet M, Rodríguez-Cueto C, et al. Prospects for cannabinoid therapies in basal ganglia disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163(7): 1365-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01365.x] [PMID: 21545415]
[34]
Calabrese EJ, Rubio-Casillas A. Biphasic effects of THC in memory and cognition. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48(5): e12920.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eci.12920] [PMID: 29574698]
[35]
Harilal S, Jose J, Parambi DGT, et al. Revisiting the blood-brain barrier: A hard nut to crack in the transportation of drug molecules. Brain Res Bull 2020; 160: 121-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.018] [PMID: 32315731]
[36]
van der Stelt M, Mazzola C, Esposito G, et al. Endocannabinoids and β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in vivo: effect of pharmacological elevation of endocannabinoid levels. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006; 63(12): 1410-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-006-6037-3] [PMID: 16732431]
[37]
Walther S, Mahlberg R, Eichmann U, Kunz D. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for nighttime agitation in severe dementia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 185(4): 524-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0343-1] [PMID: 16521031]
[38]
Yoo K-Y, Park S-Y. Terpenoids as potential anti-Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics. Molecules 2012; 17(3): 3524-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules17033524] [PMID: 22430119]
[39]
Eubanks LM, Rogers CJ, Beuscher AE IV, et al. A molecular link between the active component of marijuana and Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Mol Pharm 2006; 3(6): 773-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mp060066m] [PMID: 17140265]
[40]
Freeman RM, Adekanmi O, Waterfield MR, Waterfield AE, Wright D, Zajicek J. The effect of cannabis on urge incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial (CAMS-LUTS). Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2006; 17(6): 636-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00192-006-0086-x] [PMID: 16552618]
[41]
Zajicek J, Fox P, Sanders H, et al. UK MS Research Group. Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 362(9395): 1517-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14738-1] [PMID: 14615106]
[42]
Zajicek JP, Sanders HP, Wright DE, et al. Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76(12): 1664-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.070136] [PMID: 16291891]
[43]
Campbell KA, Foster TC, Hampson RE, Deadwyler SA. Effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on sensory-evoked discharges of granule cells in the dentate gyrus of behaving rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986; 239(3): 941-5.
[PMID: 3025424]
[44]
Colizzi M, Bhattacharyya S. Does cannabis composition matter? Differential effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on human cognition. Curr Addict Rep 2017; 4(2): 62-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40429-017-0142-2] [PMID: 28580227]
[45]
Maurer M, Henn V, Dittrich A, Hofmann A. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol shows antispastic and analgesic effects in a single case double-blind trial. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1990; 240(1): 1-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02190083] [PMID: 2175265]
[46]
Ungerleider JT, Andyrsiak T, Fairbanks L, Ellison GW, Myers LW. Delta-9-THC in the treatment of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1987; 7(1): 39-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J251v07n01_04] [PMID: 2831701]
[47]
Slomski A. THC for Chronic Pain. JAMA 2018.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2708108
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.16202]
[48]
Green K, Kim K, Bowman K. Ocular effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.The Therapeutic Potential of Marihuana. Springer 1976; pp. 49-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4286-1_4]
[49]
Korczyn AD. The ocular effects of cannabinoids. Gen Pharmacol 1980; 11(5): 419-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(80)90026-9] [PMID: 6998830]
[50]
Green K, Roth M. Ocular effects of topical administration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in man. Arch Ophthalmol 1982; 100(2): 265-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1982.01030030267006] [PMID: 6279061]
[51]
Tashkin DP, Roth MD. Pulmonary effects of inhaled cannabis smoke. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2019; 45(6): 596-609.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1627366] [PMID: 31298945]
[52]
Pergolizzi JV Jr, LeQuang JA, Bisney JF. Cannabinoid hyperemesis. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2018; 1(2): 73-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000494992]
[53]
Abel EL. Cannabis: effects on hunger and thirst. Behav Biol 1975; 15(3): 255-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6773(75)91684-3] [PMID: 1106391]
[54]
Camilleri M. Cannabinoids and gastrointestinal motility: Pharmacology, clinical effects, and potential therapeutics in humans. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30(9): e13370.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13370] [PMID: 29745439]
[55]
Weiss JL, Watanabe AM, Lemberger L, Tamarkin NR, Cardon PV. Cardiovascular effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1972; 13(5): 671-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt1972135part1671] [PMID: 4559810]
[56]
Iversen LL. The science of marijuana. Oxford University Press 2001.
[57]
Murphy LL, Muñoz RM, Adrian BA, Villanúa MA. Function of cannabinoid receptors in the neuroendocrine regulation of hormone secretion. Neurobiol Dis 1998; 5(6 Pt B): 432-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nbdi.1998.0224] [PMID: 9974176]
[58]
Kokka N, Garcia JF. Effects of delta 9-THC on growth hormone and ACTH secretion in rats. Life Sci 1974; 15(2): 329-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(74)90223-9] [PMID: 4378081]
[59]
Dewey WL, Peng T-C, Harris LS. The effect of 1-trans-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal axis of rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1970; 12(3): 382-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(70)90094-4] [PMID: 4322071]
[60]
Rettori V, Aguila MC, Gimeno MF, Franchi AM, McCann SM. In vitro effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol to stimulate somatostatin release and block that of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone by suppression of the release of prostaglandin E2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87(24): 10063-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.24.10063] [PMID: 1979873]
[61]
Hillard CJ, Farber NE, Hagen TC, Bloom AS. The effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on serum thyrotropin levels in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1984; 20(4): 547-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(84)90303-4] [PMID: 6328543]
[62]
Laychock SG, Hoffman JM, Meisel E, Bilgin S. Pancreatic islet arachidonic acid turnover and metabolism and insulin release in response to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35(12): 2003-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(86)90733-1] [PMID: 3013206]
[63]
Baczynsky WO, Zimmerman AM. Effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol on the immune system in mice. I. In vivo investigation of the primary and secondary immune response. Pharmacology 1983; 26(1): 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000137763] [PMID: 6298841]
[64]
Schatz AR, Koh WS, Kaminski NEΔ. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol selectively inhibits T-cell dependent humoral immune responses through direct inhibition of accessory T-cell function. Immunopharmacology 1993; 26(2): 129-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3109(93)90005-B] [PMID: 8282537]
[65]
Galiègue S, Mary S, Marchand J, et al. Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulations. Eur J Biochem 1995; 232(1): 54-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20780.x] [PMID: 7556170]
[66]
Massi P, Valenti M, Solinas M, Parolaro D. Molecular mechanisms involved in the antitumor activity of cannabinoids on gliomas: role for oxidative stress. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2(2): 1013-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers2021013] [PMID: 24281104]
[67]
Guida M, Ligresti A, De Filippis D, et al. The levels of the endocannabinoid receptor CB2 and its ligand 2-arachidonoylglycerol are elevated in endometrial carcinoma. Endocrinology 2010; 151(3): 921-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-0883] [PMID: 20133454]
[68]
Guzmán M. Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3(10): 745-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc1188] [PMID: 14570037]
[69]
Sarfaraz S, Adhami VM, Syed DN, Afaq F, Mukhtar H. Cannabinoids for cancer treatment: progress and promise. Cancer Res 2008; 68(2): 339-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2785] [PMID: 18199524]
[70]
Velasco G, Hernández-Tiedra S, Dávila D, Lorente M. The use of cannabinoids as anticancer agents. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 64: 259-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.05.010] [PMID: 26071989]
[71]
Guindon J, Hohmann AG. The endocannabinoid system and cancer: therapeutic implication. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163(7): 1447-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01327.x] [PMID: 21410463]
[72]
Caffarel MM, Sarrió D, Palacios J, Guzmán M, Sánchez C. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits cell cycle progression in human breast cancer cells through Cdc2 regulation. Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6615-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4566] [PMID: 16818634]
[73]
Takeda S, Ikeda E, Su S, et al. Δ(9)-THC modulation of fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) gene expression: possible involvement of induced levels of PPARα in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Toxicology 2014; 326: 18-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2014.09.011] [PMID: 25291031]
[74]
Kisková T, Mungenast F, Suváková M, Jäger W, Thalhammer T. Future Aspects for cannabinoids in breast cancer therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20(7): 1673.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071673] [PMID: 30987191]
[75]
Carracedo A, Gironella M, Lorente M, et al. Cannabinoids induce apoptosis of pancreatic tumor cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes. Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6748-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0169] [PMID: 16818650]
[76]
Blasco-Benito S, Seijo-Vila M, Caro-Villalobos M, et al. Appraising the “entourage effect”: Antitumor action of a pure cannabinoid versus a botanical drug preparation in preclinical models of breast cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157: 285-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.025] [PMID: 29940172]
[77]
Sharafi G, He H, Nikfarjam M. Potential use of cannabinoids for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. J Pancreat Cancer 2019; 5(1): 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pancan.2018.0019] [PMID: 30706048]
[78]
Galanti G, Fisher T, Kventsel I, et al. Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits cell cycle progression by downregulation of E2F1 in human glioblastoma multiforme cells. Acta Oncol 2008; 47(6): 1062-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841860701678787] [PMID: 17934890]
[79]
Salazar M, Carracedo A, Salanueva ÍJ, et al. Cannabinoid action induces autophagy-mediated cell death through stimulation of ER stress in human glioma cells. J Clin Invest 2009; 119(5): 1359-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI37948] [PMID: 19425170]
[80]
Scott KA, Dalgleish AG, Liu WM. The combination of cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances the anticancer effects of radiation in an orthotopic murine glioma model. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13(12): 2955-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-14-0402] [PMID: 25398831]
[81]
López-Valero I, Saiz-Ladera C, Torres S, et al. Targeting Glioma Initiating Cells with A combined therapy of cannabinoids and temozolomide. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157: 266-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.007] [PMID: 30195736]
[82]
Armstrong JL, Hill DS, McKee CS, et al. Exploiting cannabinoid-induced cytotoxic autophagy to drive melanoma cell death. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135(6): 1629-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2015.45] [PMID: 25674907]
[83]
Zhang Y, Zheng W, Shen K, Shen W. ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis by targeting matrix metalloproteinase-9 in endometrial cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15(6): 8527-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8407] [PMID: 29805589]
[84]
Grotenhermen F. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42(4): 327-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003] [PMID: 12648025]
[85]
Huestis MA. Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4(8): 1770-804.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152] [PMID: 17712819]
[86]
Moreno-Sanz G. Can you pass the acid test? critical review and novel therapeutic perspectives of a 9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid a. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2016; 1(1): 124-30.
[87]
Lemberger L, Tamarkin NR, Axelrod J, Kopin IJ. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: metabolism and disposition in long-term marihuana smokers. Science 1971; 173(3991): 72-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3991.72] [PMID: 5087483]
[88]
O’Donnell B, Gupta V. Dronabinol.StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing 2020.
[89]
Gable RS. Toward a comparative overview of dependence potential and acute toxicity of psychoactive substances used nonmedically. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1993; 19(3): 263-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00952999309001618] [PMID: 8213692]
[90]
Abrams DI, Hilton JF, Leiser RJ, et al. Short-term effects of cannabinoids in patients with HIV-1 infection: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(4): 258-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-139-4-200308190-00008] [PMID: 12965981]
[91]
Katona S, Kaminski E, Sanders H, Zajicek J. Cannabinoid influence on cytokine profile in multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 140(3): 580-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02803.x] [PMID: 15932522]
[92]
Banerjee BN, Galbreath C, Sofia RD. Teratologic evaluation of synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. Teratology 1975; 11(1): 99-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tera.1420110112] [PMID: 1138409]
[93]
Borgen LA, Davis WM, Pace HB. Effects of synthetic 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol on pregnancy and offspring in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1971; 20(4): 480-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(71)90252-3] [PMID: 5143590]
[94]
Harbison RD, Mantilla-Plata B, Lubin DJ. Alteration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced teratogenicity by stimulation and inhibition of its metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1977; 202(2): 455-65.
[PMID: 886474]
[95]
Tetrault JM, Crothers K, Moore BA, Mehra R, Concato J, Fiellin DA. Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167(3): 221-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.3.221] [PMID: 17296876]
[96]
Sarafian TA, Kouyoumjian S, Khoshaghideh F, Tashkin DP, Roth MDΔ. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol disrupts mitochondrial function and cell energetics. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284(2): L298-306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00157.2002] [PMID: 12533310]
[97]
Sarafian TA, Magallanes JAM, Shau H, Tashkin D, Roth MD. Oxidative stress produced by marijuana smoke. An adverse effect enhanced by cannabinoids. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20(6): 1286-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb.20.6.3424] [PMID: 10340948]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
44
1
World Malaria Day
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy