Generic placeholder image

Current Hypertension Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4021
ISSN (Online): 1875-6506

Review Article

Epidemiology of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus in Latin America

Author(s): Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo*, Jose Lopez-Lopez , Daniel Cohen, Natalia Alarcon-Ariza and Margarita Mogollon-Zehr

Volume 17, Issue 2, 2021

Published on: 17 September, 2020

Page: [112 - 120] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/1573402116999200917152952

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus are two important risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular diseases worldwide. In Latin America, hypertension prevalence varies from 30 to 50%. Moreover, the proportion of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension is very low. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus varies from 8 to 13% and around 40% of patients are unaware of their condition. In addition, the prevalence of prediabetes varies from 6 to 14% and this condition has also been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The principal factors linked to a higher risk of hypertension in Latin America are increased adiposity, low muscle strength, unhealthy diet, low physical activity and low education. Besides being chronic conditions, leading causes of cardiovascular mortality, both hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, represent a substantial cost for the weak health systems of Latin American countries. Therefore, it is necessary to implement and reinforce public health programs to improve awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, in order to reach the mandate of the United Nations to decrease the premature mortality for CVD.

Keywords: Hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Latin America, cardiovascular disease, diet, health.

Next »
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Murray C, Lopez AD. The global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Harvard Sch Public Heal 1996.
[2]
Forouzanfar MH, Liu P, Roth GA, et al. Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990-2015. JAMA 2017; 317(2): 165-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.19043] [PMID: 28097354]
[3]
GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980 - 2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392(10159): 1736-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7]
[4]
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053): 1545-602.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6] [PMID: 27733282]
[5]
Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: A systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation 2016; 134(6): 441-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912] [PMID: 27502908]
[6]
Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, et al. PURE (Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology) Study investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA 2013; 310(9): 959-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.184182] [PMID: 24002282]
[7]
GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2017; 392: 1789-858.
[8]
Tsao CW, Vasan RS. Cohort Profile: The Framingham Heart Study (FHS): Overview of milestones in cardiovascular epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44(6): 1800-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv337] [PMID: 26705418]
[9]
Yusuf S, Joseph P, Rangarajan S, et al. Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155 722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): A prospective cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395(10226): 795-808.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32008-2] [PMID: 31492503]
[10]
Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364(9438): 937-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9] [PMID: 15364185]
[11]
O’Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, et al. INTERSTROKE investigators. Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): A case-control study. Lancet 2016; 388(10046): 761-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30506-2] [PMID: 27431356]
[12]
Olsen MH, Angell SY, Asma S, et al. A call to action and a lifecourse strategy to address the global burden of raised blood pressure on current and future generations: The Lancet Commission on hypertension. Lancet 2016; 388(10060): 2665-712.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31134-5] [PMID: 27671667]
[13]
Hernández-Hernández R, Silva H, Velasco M, et al. CARMELA Study Investigators. Hypertension in seven Latin American cities: The Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America (CARMELA) study. J Hypertens 2010; 28(1): 24-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328332c353] [PMID: 19809362]
[14]
Lamelas P, Diaz R, Orlandini A, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in Latin American countries. J Hypertens 2019; 37(9): 1813-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002108] [PMID: 30964825]
[15]
Barbosa ECD, Ramirez A, Beaney T, et al. May measurement month 2017: Latin America. J Hypertens 2020; 38(6): 1183-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002370] [PMID: 32371809]
[16]
Schwalm JD, McCready T, Lopez-Jaramillo P, et al. A community-based comprehensive intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk in hypertension (HOPE 4): A cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2019; 394(10205): 1231-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31949-X] [PMID: 31488369]
[17]
HEARTS: Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. Implementation guide In: World Health Organization. 2018; pp. 1-32.
[18]
Cho N, Kirigia J, Mbanya J, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 8th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation 2017.
[19]
Zheng Y, Ley SH, Hu FB. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14(2): 88-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.151] [PMID: 29219149]
[20]
López-Jaramillo P, Barbosa E, Molina DI, et al. Latin American Society of Hypertension Consensus Expert Group. Latin American Consensus on the management of hypertension in the patient with diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. J Hypertens 2019; 37(6): 1126-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002072] [PMID: 30882601]
[21]
López-Jaramillo P, Nieto-Martínez RE, Aure-Fariñez G, et al. Identification and management of prediabetes: results of the Latin America Strategic Prediabetes Meeting. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2017; 41: e172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.172] [PMID: 31410086]
[22]
Garay J, Camacho PA, Lopez-Lopez J, et al. Survey of knowledge for diagnosing and managing prediabetes in Latin-America: Cross-sectional study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11: 102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13098-019-0500-4] [PMID: 31827627]
[23]
Mahmood SS, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wang TJ. The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: A historical perspective. Lancet 2014; 383(9921): 999-1008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61752-3] [PMID: 24084292]
[24]
Guzder RN, Gatling W, Mullee MA, Mehta RL, Byrne CD. Prognostic value of the Framingham cardiovascular risk equation and the UKPDS risk engine for coronary heart disease in newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes: Results from a United Kingdom study. Diabet Med 2005; 22(5): 554-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01494.x] [PMID: 15842509]
[25]
Oktay AA, Akturk HK, Jahangir E. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension: A dual threat. Curr Opin Cardiol 2016; 31(4): 402-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000297] [PMID: 27070651]
[26]
Dagenais GR, Gerstein HC, Zhang X, et al. Variations in diabetes prevalence in low-, middle-, and high-income countries: Results from the prospective urban and rural epidemiological study. Diabetes Care 2016; 39(5): 780-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc15-2338] [PMID: 26965719]
[27]
Miranda JJ, Gilman RH, Smeeth L. Differences in cardiovascular risk factors in rural, urban and rural-to-urban migrants in Peru. Heart 2011; 97(10): 787-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2010.218537] [PMID: 21478383]
[28]
Moreira APL, Malta DC, Vianna RPT, Moreira PVL, Carvalho AT. Risk and protection factors for self-reported hypertension and diabetes in João Pessoa, Brazil. The VIGITEL survey, 2014. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(5): 450-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2017.0044250517] [PMID: 29211209]
[29]
Lopez-Jaramillo P, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Lopez-Lopez J, et al. The role of leptin-adiponectin ratio in metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Horm Mol Biol Clin Invest 2014; 18(1): 37-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hmbci-2013-0053] [PMID: 25389999]
[30]
López-Jaramillo P, Camacho PA, Forero-Naranjo L. The role of environment and epigenetics in hypertension. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 11(11): 1455-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14779072.2013.846217] [PMID: 24160576]
[31]
Neter JE, Stam BE, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension 2003; 42(5): 878-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000094221.86888.AE] [PMID: 12975389]
[32]
Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(6): 393-403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512] [PMID: 11832527]
[33]
Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S, Mukesh B, Bhaskar AD, Vijay V. Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP). The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia 2006; 49(2): 289-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-0097-z] [PMID: 16391903]
[34]
Lopez-Jaramillo P, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Sotomayor-Rubio A, Mantilla-Garcia D, Lopez-Lopez J. Maternal undernutrition and cardiometabolic disease: A Latin American perspective. BMC Med 2015; 13: 41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0293-8] [PMID: 25858591]
[35]
Lopez-Lopez J, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Cohen DD. The link between fetal programming, inflammation, muscular strength, and blood pressure. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015: 710613.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/710613] [PMID: 26491235]
[36]
Leong DP, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, et al. Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study investigators. Prognostic value of grip strength: Findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Lancet 2015; 386(9990): 266-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62000-6] [PMID: 25982160]
[37]
Lopez-Jaramillo P, Cohen DD, Gómez-Arbeláez D, et al. ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Association of handgrip strength to cardiovascular mortality in pre-diabetic and diabetic patients: A subanalysis of the ORIGIN trial. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174(2): 458-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.013] [PMID: 24768457]
[38]
Lopez-Lopez J. The relationship of Obesity and Low Handgrip Strength or Sarcopenic Obesity as a Predictor of the Presence of Cardiovascular Disease. Latin America Conference.
[39]
Mente A, Dehghan M, Rangarajan S, et al. Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study investigators. Association of dietary nutrients with blood lipids and blood pressure in 18 countries: A cross-sectional analysis from the PURE study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5(10): 774-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30283-8] [PMID: 28864143]
[40]
Nordmann AJ, Suter-Zimmermann K, Bucher HC, et al. Meta-analysis comparing Mediterranean to low-fat diets for modification of cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Med 2011; 124(9): 841-51.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.04.024] [PMID: 21854893]
[41]
Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. DASH Collaborative Research Group. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N Engl J Med 1997; 336(16): 1117-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199704173361601] [PMID: 9099655]
[42]
Chiu S, Bergeron N, Williams PT, Bray GA, Sutherland B, Krauss RM. Comparison of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and a higher-fat DASH diet on blood pressure and lipids and lipoproteins: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103(2): 341-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.123281] [PMID: 26718414]
[43]
López-Jaramillo P, Otero J, Camacho PA, Baldeón M, Fornasini M. Reevaluating nutrition as a risk factor for cardio-metabolic diseases. Colomb Med 2018; 49(2): 175-81.
[PMID: 30104811]
[44]
Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lopez-Lopez J, Lopez-Lopez C. Sodium intake recommendations: A subject that needs to be reconsidered. Curr Hypertens Rev 2015; 11(1): 8-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573402111666150530204311] [PMID: 26028242]
[45]
Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT. Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: An analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 2012; 380(9838): 219-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9] [PMID: 22818936]
[46]
Lear SA, Hu W, Rangarajan S, et al. The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people from 17 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: The PURE study. Lancet 2017; 390(10113): 2643-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3] [PMID: 28943267]
[47]
Milton K, Macniven R, Bauman A. Review of the epidemiological evidence for physical activity and health from low- and middle-income countries. Glob Public Health 2014; 9(4): 369-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2014.894548] [PMID: 24697197]
[48]
Saxena Y, Gupta R, Moinuddin A, Narwal R. Blood pressure reduction following accumulated physical activity in prehypertensive. J Family Med Prim Care 2016; 5(2): 349-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.192368] [PMID: 27843840]
[49]
Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63(25 Pt B): 2960-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.003] [PMID: 24239922]
[50]
Kraus WE, Bittner V, Appel L, et al. American Heart Association Physical Activity Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Metabolic Health, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Hypertension, and Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing. The National Physical Activity Plan: A call to action from the American Heart Association: A science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015; 131(21): 1932-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000203] [PMID: 25918126]
[51]
Kelly P, Kahlmeier S, Götschi T, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of reduction in all-cause mortality from walking and cycling and shape of dose response relationship. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2014; 11: 132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0132-x] [PMID: 25344355]
[52]
Bauman A, Bull F, Chey T, et al. IPS Group. IPS Group. The international prevalence study on physical activity: Results from 20 countries. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2009; 6: 21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-6-21] [PMID: 19335883]
[53]
Cepal NU. Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 2017: Dynamics of the current economic cycle and policy challenges for boosting investment and growth. In: Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean. 2017.
[54]
Lopez-Jaramillo P, Rey JJ, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Rodriguez YA, Lopez-Lopez J. Combatir la epidemia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Latinoamerica: Caracteristicas especiales que demandan acciones innovadoras. Clin Investig Arterioscler 2011; 23: 90-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2011.02.004]
[55]
Lopez-Jaramillo P. Defining the research priorities to fight the burden of cardiovascular diseases in Latin America. J Hypertens 2008; 26(9): 1886-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328308ba8d] [PMID: 18698226]
[56]
Yusuf S, Rangarajan S, Teo K, et al. PURE Investigators. Cardiovascular risk and events in 17 low-, middle-, and high-income countries. N Engl J Med 2014; 371(9): 818-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1311890] [PMID: 25162888]
[57]
Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, et al. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12): 2344-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001115] [PMID: 27662189]
[58]
Sanchez RA, Ayala M, Baglivo H, et al. Latin America Expert Group; Latin American Expert Group. Latin American guidelines on hypertension. J Hypertens 2009; 27(5): 905-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832aa6d2] [PMID: 19349909]
[59]
Chow CK, Ramasundarahettige C, Hu W, et al. PURE investigators. Availability and affordability of essential medicines for diabetes across high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: A prospective epidemiological study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6(10): 798-808.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30233-X] [PMID: 30170949]
[60]
Murray CJL, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380(9859): 2197-223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4] [PMID: 23245608]
[61]
Kirkland EB, Heincelman M, Bishu KG, et al. Trends in healthcare expenditures among US adults with hypertension: National estimates, 2003-2014. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7(11): e008731.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.008731] [PMID: 29848493]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy