Abstract
A massive localized trauma to the spinal cord results in complex pathologic events driven by necrosis and vascular damage which in turn leads to hemorrhage and edema. Severe, destructive and very protracted inflammatory response is characterized by infiltration by phagocytic macrophages of a site of injury which is converted into a cavity of injury (COI) surrounded by astroglial reaction mounted by the spinal cord. The tissue response to the spinal cord injury (SCI) has been poorly understood but the final outcome appears to be a mature syrinx filled with the cerebrospinal fluid with related neural tissue loss and permanent neurologic deficits. This paper reviews known pathologic mechanisms involved in the formation of the COI after SCI and discusses the integrative role of reactive astrogliosis in mechanisms involved in the removal of edema after the injury. A large proportion of edema fluid originating from the trauma and then from vasogenic edema related to persistent severe inflammation, may be moved into the COI in an active process involving astrogliosis and specifically over-expressed aquaporins.
Keywords: Spinal cord injury, inflammation, cavity of injury, astrogliosis, aquaporins, edema, syrinx.
Current Neuropharmacology
Title:The Role of Astrogliosis in Formation of the Syrinx in Spinal Cord Injury
Volume: 19 Issue: 2
Author(s): Jacek M. Kwiecien*, Wojciech Dąbrowski, Jordan R Yaron, Liqiang Zhang, Kathleen H. Delaney and Alexandra R. Lucas
Affiliation:
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,Canada
Keywords: Spinal cord injury, inflammation, cavity of injury, astrogliosis, aquaporins, edema, syrinx.
Abstract: A massive localized trauma to the spinal cord results in complex pathologic events driven by necrosis and vascular damage which in turn leads to hemorrhage and edema. Severe, destructive and very protracted inflammatory response is characterized by infiltration by phagocytic macrophages of a site of injury which is converted into a cavity of injury (COI) surrounded by astroglial reaction mounted by the spinal cord. The tissue response to the spinal cord injury (SCI) has been poorly understood but the final outcome appears to be a mature syrinx filled with the cerebrospinal fluid with related neural tissue loss and permanent neurologic deficits. This paper reviews known pathologic mechanisms involved in the formation of the COI after SCI and discusses the integrative role of reactive astrogliosis in mechanisms involved in the removal of edema after the injury. A large proportion of edema fluid originating from the trauma and then from vasogenic edema related to persistent severe inflammation, may be moved into the COI in an active process involving astrogliosis and specifically over-expressed aquaporins.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Kwiecien M. Jacek *, Dąbrowski Wojciech , Yaron R Jordan , Zhang Liqiang , Delaney H. Kathleen and Lucas R. Alexandra , The Role of Astrogliosis in Formation of the Syrinx in Spinal Cord Injury, Current Neuropharmacology 2021; 19 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X18666200720225222
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X18666200720225222 |
Print ISSN 1570-159X |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6190 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Neuroinflammation and Neuroprotection: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Frontiers
It offers a comprehensive exploration of neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective pathways that play central roles in a range of neurological disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. This issue invites research on the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving neuroinflammation, such as the roles of ...read more
Advances in paediatric and adult brain cancers: emerging targets and treatments
Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors affecting children and adolescents, with up to 5,000 children diagnosed per year. Pediatric brain tumors, because of their location, are often untreatable and their clinical management can cause significant long-term impairment to intellectual and neurological function with epilepsy and neurodegeneration. Other than ...read more
Emotion (Dys)regulation: An integration of Pharmacological, Neurobiological, and Psychological Frameworks
Emotion regulation is a critical aspect of mental well-being and interpersonal relationships. To fully understand and effectively address emotion regulation, an integrative approach that considers pharmacological, neurobiological, and psychological frameworks is essential. Pharmacological interventions, such as medications targeting neurotransmitter imbalances, can play a significant role in managing emotional dysregulation. Understanding ...read more
Enhancing Neuropharmacology with Home Cage Monitoring, Advanced Delivery and Stimulation Technologies, and Artificial Intelligence
Home cage monitoring (HCM) technologies have revolutionized neuropharmacological research by enabling continuous, non-invasive observation of rodents in their natural environments. Complementary advancements such as 24/7 continuous drug delivery systems (e.g., implantable pumps) and wireless neurostimulation methods—including optogenetics—offer precise methods for modulating neural activity and administering pharmacological agents without disrupting the ...read more

- Author Guidelines
- Bentham Author Support Services (BASS)
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Endocrine, Metabolic, and Immune Pathogenesis of Postmenopausal
Osteoporosis. Is there a Therapeutic Role in Natural Products?
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Effects of Melatonin on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Nitric Oxide Control of Proliferation in Nerve Cells and in Tumor Cells of Nervous Origin
Current Pharmaceutical Design Tetramethylpyrazine Attenuates Oxygen-glucose Deprivation-induced Neuronal Damage through Inhibition of the HIF-1α/BNIP3 Pathway: from Network Pharmacological Finding to Experimental Validation
Current Pharmaceutical Design Phosphodiesterase as a New Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Critical Questions for Preclinical Trials on Safety and Efficacy of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Based Therapeutic Angiogenesis for Ischemic Stroke
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Therapeutic Potential of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in the Field of Orthopaedics
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Advances in Stem Cells Transplantation for the Therapy of Parkinson’s Disease
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy WISP1 (CCN4) Autoregulates its Expression and Nuclear Trafficking of β-Catenin during Oxidant Stress with Limited Effects upon Neuronal Autophagy
Current Neurovascular Research Regulatory Role of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Regulated Neuronal Death
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Transgenic Mouse Models of Tauopathy in Drug Discovery
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Effect of <i>Umbelliprenin</i> on Antinociceptive Activity of Morphine in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain Induced by Chronic Constriction Injury of the Sciatic Nerve
The Natural Products Journal Cannabinoid 1 (CB1) Receptor - Pharmacology, Role in Pain and Recent Developments in Emerging CB1 Agonists
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Potential Enzymatic Targets in Alzheimer’s: A Comprehensive Review
Current Drug Targets 1, 2-Benzisoxazole: A Privileged Structure with a Potential for Polypharmacology
Current Pharmaceutical Design Mean Platelet Volume During Ischemic Stroke is a Potential Pro-inflammatory Biomarker in the Acute Phase and During Neurorehabilitation Not Directly Linked to Clinical Outcome
Current Neurovascular Research MR Spectroscopy in Metabolic Profiling Studies of Stem Cells
Current Medical Imaging Targeting the Endocannabinod System to Limit Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemic and Reperfusion Injury
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology From A1 to A3 en passant Through A2A Receptors in the Hippocampus: Pharmacological Implications
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Sertraline Associated with REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: A Case Report
Current Psychopharmacology