Abstract
During the last century, our battle against cancer has been inaugurated upon three main approaches; surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. The latest findings on the effectiveness of immunotherapy in cancer management offer a ray of hope after decades of research and studies on the best treatment methods. Immunotherapy has proven effective in the surveillance and destruction of cancer- causing cells, demonstrating its ability to suppress cancer through controlling the wellestablished immune-editing process. Immuno-editing is a process that comprises three principal elements; elimination, equilibrium, and escape, and is paramount to the comprehension of checkpoint inhibition. Cancer cells employ various approaches to evade the elimination step leading to its immune- escape. The escape mechanism encompasses the up-regulation of negative co-signals that block successful activation of cancer-eradicating immune cells, developing cytokine background that favors the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), or dropping the expression of tumor- specific proteins known as neo-antigens, therefore reducing the immunogenic activity against cancer cells. Today, checkpoint inhibitors are considered as a primary approach in our fight against cancer. Strategies targeting the inhibitory roles of checkpoint inhibitors have been shown effective against different cancer types and stages, and some already gained the FDA’s approval. This review seeks to comprehensively cover the historical background as well as the most recent updates for the role of immune checkpoint regulators in the maintenance of immune homeostatic balance as well as keeping the tumorigenic cells in check.
Keywords: Cancer immunotherapy, checkpoint stimulators, checkpoint inhibitors, immuno-surveillance, tumor microenvironment, PD-1, CTLA-4, SIRPα/CD47.
Current Cancer Drug Targets
Title:Immune Checkpoint Regulators: A New Era Toward Promising Cancer Therapy
Volume: 20 Issue: 6
Author(s): Mohammed Shaaban, Heba Othman, Takwa Ibrahim, Mariam Ali, Mohamed Abdelmoaty, Abdel-Rahman Abdel-Kawi, Ahmed Mostafa, Aya El Nakeeb, Heba Emam and Alaa Refaat*
Affiliation:
- Scientific Research Center, MISR International University, Cairo,Egypt
Keywords: Cancer immunotherapy, checkpoint stimulators, checkpoint inhibitors, immuno-surveillance, tumor microenvironment, PD-1, CTLA-4, SIRPα/CD47.
Abstract: During the last century, our battle against cancer has been inaugurated upon three main approaches; surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. The latest findings on the effectiveness of immunotherapy in cancer management offer a ray of hope after decades of research and studies on the best treatment methods. Immunotherapy has proven effective in the surveillance and destruction of cancer- causing cells, demonstrating its ability to suppress cancer through controlling the wellestablished immune-editing process. Immuno-editing is a process that comprises three principal elements; elimination, equilibrium, and escape, and is paramount to the comprehension of checkpoint inhibition. Cancer cells employ various approaches to evade the elimination step leading to its immune- escape. The escape mechanism encompasses the up-regulation of negative co-signals that block successful activation of cancer-eradicating immune cells, developing cytokine background that favors the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), or dropping the expression of tumor- specific proteins known as neo-antigens, therefore reducing the immunogenic activity against cancer cells. Today, checkpoint inhibitors are considered as a primary approach in our fight against cancer. Strategies targeting the inhibitory roles of checkpoint inhibitors have been shown effective against different cancer types and stages, and some already gained the FDA’s approval. This review seeks to comprehensively cover the historical background as well as the most recent updates for the role of immune checkpoint regulators in the maintenance of immune homeostatic balance as well as keeping the tumorigenic cells in check.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Shaaban Mohammed , Othman Heba , Ibrahim Takwa , Ali Mariam, Abdelmoaty Mohamed , Abdel-Kawi Abdel-Rahman , Mostafa Ahmed , El Nakeeb Aya , Emam Heba and Refaat Alaa *, Immune Checkpoint Regulators: A New Era Toward Promising Cancer Therapy, Current Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20 (6) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568009620666200422081912
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568009620666200422081912 |
Print ISSN 1568-0096 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-5576 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Bioactive Polysaccharides From Natural Resources For Cancer Therapy
Bioactive polysaccharides from natural resources exhibit diverse therapeutic properties including anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunostimulatory activity, and promotion of wound healing. In the past decades, most studies focused on the extraction and identification of polysaccharides, as well as their biological activities. A large number of bioactive polysaccharides with different structural features ...read more
Innovative Cancer Drug Targets: A New Horizon in Oncology
Cancer remains one of the most challenging diseases, with its complexity and adaptability necessitating continuous research efforts into more effective and targeted therapeutic approaches. Recent years have witnessed significant progress in understanding the molecular and genetic basis of cancer, leading to the identification of novel drug targets. These include, but ...read more
Innovative Drug Research Propelling a New Era of Precision Oncology
Drug-oncology research is leading a new era of precision medicine, becoming a frontier hotspot in cancer treatment. Advancements in molecular biology, genomics, and medicinal chemistry have driven revolutionary changes in cancer cognition and treatment strategies. Gene-targeted drugs provide more precise treatments, improving survival rates for certain cancers. Network pharmacology offers ...read more
Novel Targets in Cancer Immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has greatly revolutionized therapeutic strategies in the field of cancer. Current targets of FDA-approved ICIs include CTLA-4, PD-1/PDl-1, and LAG-3. However, the prognosis of cancer patients, especially with solid tumors, remains unfavorable due to the intrinsic and acquired resistance. For the past decades, ...read more

- Author Guidelines
- Bentham Author Support Services (BASS)
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Mitochondrial Membrane Lipids in Life and Death and their Molecular Modulation by Diet: Tuning the Furnace
Current Drug Targets ATF4, DLX3, FRA1, MSX2, C/EBP-ζ, and C/EBP-α Shape the Molecular Basis of Therapeutic Effects of Zoledronic Acid in Bone Disorders
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Infrared-Spectroscopy: A Non-Invasive Tool for Medical Diagnostics and Drug Analysis
Current Medicinal Chemistry A New and Effective Approach to the Synthesis of Sulforaphane
Letters in Organic Chemistry Deoxycholic and Ursodeoxycholic Acid Differentially Impact Cellular Steatosis and Lipid Peroxidation in Cultured Hepatoma Cells
The International Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Diseases The Mutation and Low Expression of ARID1A are Predictive of a Poor Prognosis and High Immune Infiltration in Triple-negative Breast Cancer
Current Cancer Drug Targets Image Integration Procedures in Multisensory Medical Images: A Comprehensive Survey of the State-of-the-art Paradigms
Current Medical Imaging Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Brain Metastatic and Non-Metastatic Lung Cancer Patients with Different Cell Types
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Importance and Fate in the Atmospheric Environment
Current Organic Chemistry Headspace Analyses in Valuable and Functional Foods: Application of SPME in the Quality Control and Characterization of Olive Oils
Current Analytical Chemistry Potential Health Benefits of Passion Fruit Peel Flour
The Natural Products Journal Concise Synthesis of Benzoindolizidine Derivatives and Bioactivity Evaluation
Letters in Organic Chemistry Antiestrogenically Active 2-benzyl-1,1-diarylbut-2-enes: Synthesis, Structure- Activity Relationships and Molecular Modeling Study for Flexible Estrogen Receptor Antagonists
Medicinal Chemistry Purification and Kinetics of Bovine Kidney Cortex Glutathione Reductase
Protein & Peptide Letters The Clinical Relevance of Differential Cell Counts in Induced Sputum and its Relationship with Various forms of Asthma
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Synthesis, Antibacterial Activity, Interaction with Nucleobase and Molecular Docking Studies of 4-Formylbenzoic Acid Based Thiazoles
Medicinal Chemistry The Retrotransposition of L1 is Involved in the Reconsolidation of Contextual Fear Memory in Mice
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Near-Infrared Quantum Dots as Optical Probes for Tumor Imaging
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry A Selective, Expeditious and Sustainable Entry en Route to Benzopyrazines and bis-Benzopyrazines
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Hybrid 2-Heteroaryl Benzimidazole- Chalcone Derivatives as Anticancer Agents
Letters in Organic Chemistry