Abstract
During the last century, our battle against cancer has been inaugurated upon three main approaches; surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. The latest findings on the effectiveness of immunotherapy in cancer management offer a ray of hope after decades of research and studies on the best treatment methods. Immunotherapy has proven effective in the surveillance and destruction of cancer- causing cells, demonstrating its ability to suppress cancer through controlling the wellestablished immune-editing process. Immuno-editing is a process that comprises three principal elements; elimination, equilibrium, and escape, and is paramount to the comprehension of checkpoint inhibition. Cancer cells employ various approaches to evade the elimination step leading to its immune- escape. The escape mechanism encompasses the up-regulation of negative co-signals that block successful activation of cancer-eradicating immune cells, developing cytokine background that favors the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), or dropping the expression of tumor- specific proteins known as neo-antigens, therefore reducing the immunogenic activity against cancer cells. Today, checkpoint inhibitors are considered as a primary approach in our fight against cancer. Strategies targeting the inhibitory roles of checkpoint inhibitors have been shown effective against different cancer types and stages, and some already gained the FDA’s approval. This review seeks to comprehensively cover the historical background as well as the most recent updates for the role of immune checkpoint regulators in the maintenance of immune homeostatic balance as well as keeping the tumorigenic cells in check.
Keywords: Cancer immunotherapy, checkpoint stimulators, checkpoint inhibitors, immuno-surveillance, tumor microenvironment, PD-1, CTLA-4, SIRPα/CD47.
Current Cancer Drug Targets
Title:Immune Checkpoint Regulators: A New Era Toward Promising Cancer Therapy
Volume: 20 Issue: 6
Author(s): Mohammed Shaaban, Heba Othman, Takwa Ibrahim, Mariam Ali, Mohamed Abdelmoaty, Abdel-Rahman Abdel-Kawi, Ahmed Mostafa, Aya El Nakeeb, Heba Emam and Alaa Refaat*
Affiliation:
- Scientific Research Center, MISR International University, Cairo,Egypt
Keywords: Cancer immunotherapy, checkpoint stimulators, checkpoint inhibitors, immuno-surveillance, tumor microenvironment, PD-1, CTLA-4, SIRPα/CD47.
Abstract: During the last century, our battle against cancer has been inaugurated upon three main approaches; surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. The latest findings on the effectiveness of immunotherapy in cancer management offer a ray of hope after decades of research and studies on the best treatment methods. Immunotherapy has proven effective in the surveillance and destruction of cancer- causing cells, demonstrating its ability to suppress cancer through controlling the wellestablished immune-editing process. Immuno-editing is a process that comprises three principal elements; elimination, equilibrium, and escape, and is paramount to the comprehension of checkpoint inhibition. Cancer cells employ various approaches to evade the elimination step leading to its immune- escape. The escape mechanism encompasses the up-regulation of negative co-signals that block successful activation of cancer-eradicating immune cells, developing cytokine background that favors the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), or dropping the expression of tumor- specific proteins known as neo-antigens, therefore reducing the immunogenic activity against cancer cells. Today, checkpoint inhibitors are considered as a primary approach in our fight against cancer. Strategies targeting the inhibitory roles of checkpoint inhibitors have been shown effective against different cancer types and stages, and some already gained the FDA’s approval. This review seeks to comprehensively cover the historical background as well as the most recent updates for the role of immune checkpoint regulators in the maintenance of immune homeostatic balance as well as keeping the tumorigenic cells in check.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Shaaban Mohammed , Othman Heba , Ibrahim Takwa , Ali Mariam, Abdelmoaty Mohamed , Abdel-Kawi Abdel-Rahman , Mostafa Ahmed , El Nakeeb Aya , Emam Heba and Refaat Alaa *, Immune Checkpoint Regulators: A New Era Toward Promising Cancer Therapy, Current Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20 (6) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568009620666200422081912
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568009620666200422081912 |
Print ISSN 1568-0096 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-5576 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Cancer Biomarkers and Potential Drug Targets: From Diagnosis to Therapy
Cancer biomarkers play a crucial role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer. They provide valuable information for cancer detection, risk assessment, treatment selection, and monitoring response to therapy. With advancements in molecular biology and high-throughput technologies, there has been an increasing interest in identifying and characterizing cancer biomarkers ...read more
Novel Therapeutic Approaches to Target Drug Resistant Tumors
With the development of disciplines such as chemical biology and molecular biology, the genes or proteins closely related to tumor occurrence and development have gradually become clear. Targeted therapies targeting these genes or proteins provide more effective methods for tumor treatment. Tumor targeted drugs generally only act on specific targets ...read more
ROLE OF IMMUNE AND GENOTOXIC RESPONSE BIOMARKERS IN TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Biological biomarkers have been used in medical research as an indicator of a normal or abnormal process inside the body, or of a disease. Nowadays, various researchers are in process to explore and investigate the biological markers for the early assessment of cancer. DNA Damage response (DDR) pathways and immune ...read more
Targeting the battlefield between host and tumor: basic research and clinical practice on reshaping tumor immune microenvironment
Immune system protects host against malignant tumors through effector cells and molecules. Cancer development and its response to therapy are regulated by inflammation, which either promotes or suppresses cancer progression. Chronic inflammation facilitates cancer progression and treatment resistance, whereas induction of acute inflammatory reactions often lead to anti-cancer immune responses. ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Novel Hydroxamate and Anilide Derivatives as Potent Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Synthesis and Antiproliferative Evaluation
Current Medicinal Chemistry Gold Nanoparticles: Promising Agent to Improve the Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer
Current Drug Metabolism Fecal DNA Genotyping: A Non-invasive Approach to Characterize Mouse Models for Nutrigenomics Cancer Chemoprevention Studies
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Molecular Imaging with Nucleic Acid Aptamers
Current Medicinal Chemistry Synthetic Peptides for the Immunodiagnosis of Human Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Electronic Nose and Exhaled Breath NMR-based Metabolomics Applications in Airways Disease
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry High-Throughput Proteomics: A New Tool for Quality and Safety in Fishery Products
Current Protein & Peptide Science Electron Emission of Phytohormone Genistein. Pathway for Communication
Current Bioactive Compounds Target Therapies in Pancreatic Carcinoma
Current Medicinal Chemistry Phenolic Imidazole Derivatives with Dual Antioxidant/Antifungal Activity: Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship
Medicinal Chemistry Substance Abuse and Movement Disorders: Complex Interactions and Comorbidities
Current Drug Abuse Reviews Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2,7-Naphthyridine Derivatives: An Overview
Current Organic Chemistry Carbon Quantum Dots: Surface Passivation and Functionalization
Current Organic Chemistry Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Based Therapeutics
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Urokinase Receptor as a Potential Target in Cancer Therapy
Current Pharmaceutical Design Antibacterial Agents Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)
Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Inhibition of Orotidine 5-Monophosphate Decarboxylase and Its Therapeutic Potential
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry IAPs as a Target for Anticancer Therapy
Current Cancer Drug Targets Trifluoroibuprofen Inhibits α-Methylacyl Coenzyme A Racemase (AMACR/P504S), Reduces Cancer Cell Proliferation and Inhibits in vivo Tumor Growth in Aggressive Prostate Cancer Models
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry From Surface to Nuclear Receptors: The Endocannabinoid Family Extends its Assets
Current Medicinal Chemistry